WORD ORDER (1) — VERB + OBJECT;PLACE AND TIME.
A)VERB+OBJECT.
THE VERB AND THE OBJECT OF THE VERB NORMALLY GO TOGETHER.WE DO NOT USUALLY PUT OTHER WORDS BETWEEN THEM.
VERB+OBJECT
I LIKE CHILDREN VERY MUCH. (NOT 'I LIKE VERY MUCH CHILDREN')
DID YOU NORMAN YESTERDAY.
ANN OFTEN PLAYS TENNIS.
*HERE ARE SOME OTHER EXAMPLES. NOTICE HOW EACH TIME THE VERB AND THE OBJECT GO TOGETHER:
-DO YOU CLEAN THE HOUSE EVERY WEEKEND? (NOT 'DO YOU CLEAN EVERY WEEKEND THE
HOUSE')
-EVERYBODY ENJOYED THE PARTY VERY MUCH. (NOT 'EVERYBODY ENJOYED VERY MUCH THE
PARTY')
FOR THE POSITION OF WORDS LIKE ALSO SEE THE NEXT PAGE.
B)PLACE AND TIME.
WE USUALLY SAY THE PLACE (WHERE?) BEFORE THE TIME.(WHEN?/HOW OFTEN?/HOW LONG?)
PLACETIME
TOM WALKS TO WORK EVERY MORNING.(NOT 'TOM WAKS EVERY MORNING TO WORK')
WE HAS BEEN IN CANADA SINCE APRIL.
WE ARRIVED AT AIRPORT EARLY.
*IT IS OFTEN POSSIBLE TO PUT THE TIME AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE:
-ON MONDAY I'M GOING TO PARIS.
-IN SUMMER I CYCLED A LOT.
*NOTE THAT YOU CANNOT USE EARLY OR LATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE.
The order of words in which the subject is placed after the predicate is called inveted order or inversion.
Inversion occurs in the following cases:
1.In questions which are not put to the subject, e.g. Where can I find a more interesting book ?
Are they still at home ?
BUT: Who can answer my question ?
2.In exclamatory sentences expressing wish in which the verb is in the Subjunctive Mood,
e.g. Long live the Soviet Army !
May you be happy and crazy !
3.When the sentence is introduced by there, e.g. There was no wind. ~~~~~~
There have been many such incidents.
4.In the following constructions, e.g. You can do it and so can i.
I must leave now.-So must i.
I have never liked detective stories.-Neither have i.
5.In sentences introducing direct speech, e.g. «This is what I want», said my friend.
«I think it's all delightful», murmured Emily.
Inversion may be the result of emphasis, when the author wishes to produce a certain stylistic effect. Here we must distinguish between the following cases:
6.The adverbial modifier of place or time opens the sentences (what is rare).
In this case the subject is generally lengthy or modified by a phrase or a clause,
e.g. Down below spread the town with its wide streets, beautiful buildings, bridges and green parks.
In the centre of the room of the his flat stood the head of the family old Joly on himself.
7.Adverbial modifiers expressed by such words as so, thus, then, here, now, there open the sentence.
In this case the subject is expressed by a noun, e.g. So ended the terrible siege of my flat.
Thus began their friendship.
BUT: There she goes. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
8.An adverbial modifier with a negative meaning opens the sentence: never in vain, little, etc.,
e.g. Never have I been so happy as now.
Little did he think about it then.
In vain did he try to persuade his friends to follow his example
9.The emphatic particle only (not only...but) =
The adverbs hardly, scarcely (correlated with | the conjunction when) |open the sentence
The adverb so sooner (correlated with the | conjunction than) |
Or conjunction nor =
e.g. Only then did he understand it.
No sooner had the German pilot caught sight of the soviet plane than began to fire.
Hardly had we started when it began to rain.
They did not come to the meeting. Nor did they telephone the secretary.
10.Adverbial modifiers of amnner expressed by adverbs open the sentence, e.g. Loudly and cheerfully did the children greet him.
Calmly and attentively did they listen to his story.
11.So followed by an adverbial modifier opens the sentence, e.g. So loudly did he speak that everybody could hear him.
So perfectly did he do his work that it won the prize.
12.In vivid speech when the sentence begins with an adverb of direction: in, out, away, down (if the subject is expressed by a noun),
e.g. Out came the chaise.
In rushed the others.
Off went the gun.
BUT: Down he rushed. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun)
13.When an object or an adverbial modifier expressed by a word-group with not a ...,many a… opens the sentence,
e.g. Not a single mistake did he make.
Many a sleepless night did she spend.
14.When a predicative ( sometimes preceded by so or expressed by such) opens the sentence ( if the subject is expressed by a noun),
e.g. So cold was the night that they made a fire.
Bright and sunny was the morning when we started.
Such were the events of the day !
BUT: A gloomy day it was (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
15.In clauses of concession where the predicative is followed by the conjunction as (if the subject is expressed by a noun),
e.g. Cold as was the water, I plunged into it.
Rich as was the merchant, they did not envy him. (Dickens)
BUT: Hard as it was, we did it (The subject is expressed by a pronoun)
16.In conditional clauses in the Subjunctive Mood when the conjunction if is not used, and only with the verbs: had, was, were, should, could,
e.g. Had I more time, I should come to see you more often.
Were it not so late, I should go to the library.
Could he come, we should be very pleased.
17.Any word can be made emphatic by prefacing it with the words it is or it was and using a clause after it,
e.g. It was he who did it.
It was here that I saw them for the first time.
www.ronl.ru
Контрольные задания для самоконтроля
I. Choose the right option.
1. When I was … child we lived in London.
the
-
C) a
D) no
2. She's very interested in … nature, especially animals and birds.
the
B) -
an
a
3. We're all anxious … an end to this misunderstanding.
with
at
from
for
4. He tripped … the cat and fell downstairs.
about
with
over
in
5. If I … to university I would have studied medicine.
have gone
went
was going
had gone
6. I didn't like him - he … continually … money.
borrowed
had been borrowed
have … borrowed
was … borrowing
7. Choose the sentence without mistakes.
Everybody were late.
Couldn't you help me, please?
It's getting winter.
I'll try to find out when it starts.
8. If she asks what I'm doing in her flat, I'll say I … the gas.
have been checking
check
am checking
have checked
9. This engine hardly uses … petrol.
some
B) any
C) no
D) a
10. After her husband died, she was all ….
lone
lonesome
lonely
D) alone
11. I went to the doctor because I … badly.
was sleeping
slept
C) had been sleeping
D) had slept
12. Why … you … the meat? Is it bad?
will … smell
were … smelt
are … smelling
have … been smelt
She … perfectly happy if she had a car.
was
will be
would be
is
They … to visit Harry once a week.
allowed
are allowed
have allowed
had allowed
15. Smoking is not … in the kitchen.
permitted
letted
allowed
II. There is a grammar mistake in each of the sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
Jane has very long blond hairs.
She is more tall than her parents.
Are you reading newspapers every day?
My car is more expensive than her.
This film is as funny than that one.
It’s the fiveth of May today.
Do you know girl looking at us?
I need to write a letter. Will you give me a paper?
It isn’t take me long to get to University.
He has never seen a bear, hasn’t he?
III. Make questions with the words given. Use the verbs in the Present (simple, progressive or Perfect). Put the words in the correct order.
are / all / looking / those /what / at / people?
he / have a shower / now?
you / for ages / see / her / have you?
they / be / two peas /as like as?
you / have / this weekend / a party?
she / younger / me / be / than / isn’t she?
do / expect / Sunday / me / to / you / find / milk / how / on / a / night?
cost / much / does / the / how / room?
there / nobody / be / in the room / is there?
promised / they / to / us / months / within / repay / six, did they not?
IV. Translate the sentences into English.
На дереве меньше груш, чем на земле.
Ты смотрел новости? Они просто ужасны!
Сегодня двадцать пятое февраля. Мы пишем контрольную работу в тринадцатой аудитории (комнате).
Какая красивая девочка! Она высокая, стройная и голубоглазая.
Мой отец старше моего свёкра.
Сегодня вечером я собираюсь сходить в кинотеатр.
Я уже пропылесосил ковер, помыл пол. Сейчас я принимаю ванну.
По моему мнению, это самое большое здание, которое я когда-либо видел!
Обычно я обедаю в 12 дня, а по воскресеньям – в 2 часа дня.
Ты видела его сегодня? – Нет, не видела.
infourok.ru
WORD ORDER (1) - VERB + OBJECT;PLACE AND TIME.
A)VERB+OBJECT.
THE VERB AND THE OBJECT OF THE VERB NORMALLY GO TOGETHER.WE DO NOT USUALLY PUT
OTHER WORDS BETWEEN THEM.
VERB+OBJECT
I LIKE CHILDREN VERY MUCH. (NOT 'I LIKE VERY MUCH CHILDREN')
DID YOU NORMAN YESTERDAY.
ANN OFTEN PLAYS TENNIS.
*HERE ARE SOME OTHER EXAMPLES. NOTICE HOW EACH TIME THE VERB AND THE OBJECT GO
TOGETHER:
-DO YOU CLEAN THE HOUSE EVERY WEEKEND ? (NOT 'DO YOU CLEAN EVERY WEEKEND THE
HOUSE')
-EVERYBODY ENJOYED THE PARTY VERY MUCH. (NOT 'EVERYBODY ENJOYED VERY MUCH THE
PARTY')
FOR THE POSITION OF WORDS LIKE ALSO SEE THE NEXT PAGE.
B)PLACE AND TIME.
WE USUALLY SAY THE PLACE (WHERE?) BEFORE THE TIME.(WHEN?/HOW OFTEN?/HOW LONG?)
PLACE TIME
TOM WALKS TO WORK EVERY MORNING.(NOT 'TOM WAKS EVERY MORNING TO WORK')
WE HAS BEEN IN CANADA SINCE APRIL.
WE ARRIVED AT AIRPORT EARLY.
*IT IS OFTEN POSSIBLE TO PUT THE TIME AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE:
-ON MONDAY I'M GOING TO PARIS.
-IN SUMMER I CYCLED A LOT.
*NOTE THAT YOU CANNOT USE EARLY OR LATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE.
The order of words in which the subject is placed after the predicate is
called inveted order or inversion.
Inversion occurs in the following cases:
1.In questions which are not put to the subject,
e.g. Where can i find a more interesting book ?
Are they still at home ?
BUT: Who can answer my question ?
2.In exclamatory sentences expressing wish in which the verb is in the
Subjunctive Mood,
e.g. Long live the Soviet Army !
May you be happy and crazy !
3.When the sentence is introduced by there,
e.g. There was no wind. ~~~~~~
There have been many such incidents.
4.In the following constructions,
e.g. You can do it and so can i.
I must leave now.-So must i.
I have never liked detective stories.-Neither have i.
5.In sentences introducing direct speech,
e.g. "This is what i want",said my friend.
"I think it's all delightful",murmured Emily.
Inversion may be the result of emphasis,when the author wishes to
produce a cetain stylistic effect.Here we must distiguish between the
following cases:
6.The adverbial modifier of place or time opens the sentences (what is
rare).
In this case the subject is generally lengthy or modified by a phra-
se or a clause,
e.g. Down below spread the town with its wide streets,beautiful buld-
ings,bridges and green parks.
In the centre of the room of the his flat stood the head of the
family old Jolyon himself.
7.Adverbial modifiers expressed by such words as so,thus, then, here,now,
there open the sentense.
In this case the subject is expressed by a noun,
e.g. So ended the terrible seige of my flat.
Thus began their friendship.
BUT: There she goes. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
8.An adverbial modifier with a negative meaning opens the sentence: never
in vain,little,etc.,
e.g. Never have i been so happy as now.
Little did he think about it then.
In vain did he try to persuade his friends to follow his example
9.The emphatic particle only (ont only...but) ¸
The adverbs hardly,scarcely (corrrlated with ³
the conjuction when) ³ open the sentence
The adverb so sooner (correlated with the ³
conjuction than) ³
Or conjuction nor ¾
e.g. Onlt then did he understand it.
No sooner had the German pilot caught sight of the soviet plane
than began to fire.
Hardly had we started when it began to rain.
They did not come to the meeting.Nor did they telephone the sec-
ratery.
10.Adverbial modifiers of amnner expressed by adverbs open the sentence,
e.g. Loudly and cheerfully did the children greet him.
Calmly and attentively did they listen to his story.
11.So followed by an adverbial modifier opens the sentence,
e.g. So loudly did he speak that everybody could hear him.
So perfectly did he do his work that it won the prize.
12.In vivid speech when the sentence begins with an adverb of direction:
in,out,away,down (if the subject is expressed by a noun),
e.g. Out came the chaise.
In rushed the others.
Off went the gun.
BUT: Down he rushed. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun)
13.When an object or an adverbial modifier expressed by a word-group with
anot a ...,many a ... opens the sentence,
e.g. Not a single mistake did he make.
Many a sleepless night did she spend.
14.When a predicative ( sometimes preceded by so or expressed by such)
opens the sentence ( if the subject is expressed by a noun),
e.g. So cold was the night that they amde a fire.
Bright and sunny was the morning when we started.
Such were the events of the day !
BUT: A gloomy day it was (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
15.In clauses of concession where the predicative is followed by the con-
juction as (if the subject is expressed by a noun),
e.g. Cold as was the water,I plunged into it.
Rich as was the merchant,they did not envy him. (Dickens)
BUT: Hard as it was,we did it (The subject is expressed by a pronoun)
16.In conditional clauses in the Subjunctive Mood when the conjuction if
is not used,and only with the verbs:had,was,were,should,could,
e.g. Had i more time,i should come to see you more often.
Were it not so late,i should go to the library.
Could he come,we should be very pleased.
17.Any word can be made emphatic by prefacing it with the words it is or
it was and using a clause after it,
e.g. It was he who did it.
It was here that i saw them for the first time.
WORD ORDER (1) - VERB + OBJECT;PLACE AND TIME. A)VERB+OBJECT. THE VERB AND THE OBJECT OF THE VERB NORMALLY GO TOGETHER.WE DO NOT USUALLY PUT OTHER WORDS BETWEEN THEM. VERB+OBJECT I LIKE CHILDREN VERY MUCH. (NOT 'I L
stud-baza.ru
Введение
Глава 1 Частотность употребления модальных глаголов
Глава 2 Основные критерии употребления модальных глаголов в сложных грамматических конструкциях
2.1 Формально-грамматический критерий
2.2 Формально-структурный критерий
2.3 Семантический критерий
2.4 Стилистический критерий
2.5 Функциональный критерий
Выводы
Литература
Содержание
Выдержка из текста
Have I to bring the picture on Monday?
Эквивалент be able to, в свою очередь, придает предложению оттенок официальности:
Are you able to put an approximate number of such operations you’ve been involved in?
Для газетно-публицистического стиля характерно употребление модального эквивалента be to, выражающего значение принятого решения, с последующим использованием вспомогательного глагола will для образования формы будущего времени [2]:
Также в публицистическом стиле распространяется тенденция употребления двух-трех модальных глаголов, относящихся к одному смысловому глаголу [2]:
All in all, the fact that it is the major factor in this dispute could, should or would have been drawn to his attention. But the expert is dealing also with the financial aspect of the claim.
Итак, стилистические особенности модальных глаголов также могут быть положены в основу их классификации.
2.5 Функциональный критерий
Функциональный критерий дифференциации модальных глаголов связан с развитием текстовой модальности, а также с исследованиями в области коммуникативной лингвистики. Следует подчеркнуть, что необходимо различать данный критерий с критерием семантическим. Их основные отличия можно охарактеризовать с помощью бинарной оппозиции «функция — цель». Так, функциональный критерий предполагает классификацию модальных глаголов на основе субъективной оценки того или иного явления, в то время как семантический критерий охватывает причинно-целевые отношения.
В рамках данного вопроса следует рассмотреть следующие основные ситуационные модели: ассертивность, императивность, условность, манипулятивность, и определить те модальные глаголы, которые наиболее употребительны в той или иной ситуации.
Ассертивность:
Императивность:
Условность:
Манипулятивность:
Из приведенных примеров видно, что для определенной коммуникативной ситуации характерно использование того или иного модального глагола. Таким образом, функциональные характеристики модальности играют значительную роль в классификации модальных глаголов английского языка.
Выводы
Учитывая вышесказанное, можно сделать следующий вывод. Изучение языковой модальности и модальных глаголов — один из самых сложных вопросов в теории и практике преподавания языка. В связи с этим проблема дифференциации модальных глаголов остается актуальной для исследования. Очевидно, что традиционные взгляды не охватывают всей полноты модальных глаголов как проблемы исследования. Поэтому необходимо обращать внимание не только на формально-грамматические признаки, структурные характеристики и семантические особенности, но и учитывать частотность употребления модальных глаголов в лингвистическом корпусе, их стилистические и функциональные черты.
Литература
Duran R., Alonso P., Sanchez M.J. The study of modal verbs from a pedagogical perspective: an analysis of textbooks and grammars // Revista de lingьнstica y lenguas aplicadas. 2008. № 2. Р. 29−36.
Beason Larry, Lester Mark. A Commonsense Guide to Grammar and Usage. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. — 540 p.
Byrd P. Modal Auxiliary System. Weekly Lectures for AL 8460 English Grammar for ESL/EFL Teachers, Lecture 8, 2008 [Online].
Available at: http://www 2.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/ grammar/ lecture8/modals.html
Börjars K., Burridge K. Introducing English Grammar. Hodder Education, 2010. — 328 p.
Боброва Г. Б., Радишевская И.Г. Практическая грамматика: учеб.-метод. комплекс для студентов экономических специальностей. Новополоцк: ПГУ, 2010, — 315 с.
Бурмакина Л.В. Трудности грамматики английского языка. Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2010. — 224 с.
Вейхман Г. А. Современный английский. Новейший справочник по грамматике. Морфология. Издательство: М. Астрель, АСТ 2010. - 320 с.
Ионина А.А., Саакян А.С. Английская грамматика в схемах и таблицах. Проспект, 2009. — 152 с.
Кипнис И.Ю., Хомченко С.А. Грамматические особенности перевода английского научно-технического текста. Грамматический справочник. Минск: БНТУ, 2010 — 121 с.
Морозова А.Л., Пушкарева И.А. Grammar in use. Practice. Томск: Изд-во ТПУ, 2011. — 140 с. Сидоренко Г. И., Клыс И.А. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка. 4-е изд. — Минск: Лексис, 2010. — 232 с.
Скуденкова Е.Е., Киселёва С.В. и др. Модальные глаголы. Мозырь. УО МГПУ им. И. П. Шамякина, 2009, — 109 с.
Смирнова С.Н. English Grammar Guide for Technical Students. Учебное пособие по английскому языку. — М.: НИЯУ МИФИ, 2010. — 84 с.
Солнцева К.В. Практикум по грамматике английского языка. Учебное пособие. М.: НИЯУ МИФИ, 2010. - 128 с.
Угарова Е.В. Английская грамматика в таблицах. Айрис-Пресс, 2008. 125 стр.
Христорождественская Л. П. Английский язык. Часть 2 М.: Эксмо, 2009. — 576 с.
1.Duran R., Alonso P., Sanchez M.J. The study of modal verbs from a pedagogical perspective: an analysis of textbooks and grammars // Revista de lingьнstica y lenguas aplicadas. 2008. № 2. Р. 29−36.
2.Beason Larry, Lester Mark. A Commonsense Guide to Grammar and Usage. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. — 540 p.
3. Byrd P. Modal Auxiliary System. Weekly Lectures for AL 8460 English Grammar for ESL/EFL Teachers, Lecture 8, 2008 [Online].
Available at: http://www 2.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/ grammar/ lecture8/modals.html
4.Borjars K., Burridge K. Introducing English Grammar. Hodder Education, 2010. — 328 p.
5. Боброва Г. Б., Радишевская И.Г. Практическая грамматика: учеб.-метод. комплекс для студентов экономических специальностей. Новополоцк: ПГУ, 2010, — 315 с.
6. Бурмакина Л.В. Трудности грамматики английского языка. Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2010. — 224 с.
7. Вейхман Г. А. Современный английский. Новейший справочник по грамматике. Морфология. Издательство: М. Астрель, АСТ 2010. - 320 с.
8. Ионина А.А., Саакян А.С. Английская грамматика в схемах и таблицах. Проспект, 2009. — 152 с.
9. Кипнис И.Ю., Хомченко С.А. Грамматические особенности перевода английского научно-технического текста. Грамматический справочник. Минск: БНТУ, 2010 — 121 с.
10.Морозова А.Л., Пушкарева И.А. Grammar in use. Practice. Томск: Изд-во ТПУ, 2011. — 140 с. Сидоренко Г. И., Клыс И.А. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка. 4-е изд. — Минск: Лексис, 2010. — 232 с.
11. Скуденкова Е.Е., Киселёва С.В. и др. Модальные глаголы. Мозырь. УО МГПУ им. И. П. Шамякина, 2009, — 109 с.
12.Смирнова С.Н. English Grammar Guide for Technical Students. Учебное пособие по английскому языку. — М.: НИЯУ МИФИ, 2010. — 84 с.
13. Солнцева К.В. Практикум по грамматике английского языка. Учебное пособие. М.: НИЯУ МИФИ, 2010. - 128 с.
14. Угарова Е.В. Английская грамматика в таблицах. Айрис-Пресс, 2008. 125 стр.
15. Христорождественская Л. П. Английский язык. Часть 2 М.: Эксмо, 2009. — 576 с.
список литературы
referatbooks.ru
WORD ORDER (1) - VERB + OBJECT;PLACE AND TIME.A)VERB+OBJECT.
THE VERB AND THE OBJECT OF THE VERB NORMALLY GO TOGETHER.WE DO NOT USUALLY PUT OTHER WORDS BETWEEN THEM. VERB+OBJECT
I LIKE CHILDREN VERY MUCH. (NOT 'I LIKE VERY MUCH CHILDREN') DID YOU NORMAN YESTERDAY. ANN OFTEN PLAYS TENNIS.
HERE ARE SOME OTHER EXAMPLES. NOTICE HOW EACH TIME THE VERB AND THE OBJECT GO TOGETHER: -DO YOU CLEAN THE HOUSE EVERY WEEKEND ? (NOT 'DO YOU CLEAN EVERY WEEKEND THE HOUSE') -EVERYBODY ENJOYED THE PARTY VERY MUCH. (NOT 'EVERYBODY ENJOYED VERY MUCH THE PARTY') FOR THE POSITION OF WORDS LIKE ALSO SEE THE NEXT PAGE. B)PLACE AND TIME. WE USUALLY SAY THE PLACE (WHERE?) BEFORE THE TIME.(WHEN?/HOW OFTEN?/HOW LONG?) PLACETIME TOM WALKS TO WORK EVERY MORNING.(NOT 'TOM WAKS EVERY MORNING TO WORK') WE HAS BEEN IN CANADA SINCE APRIL. WE ARRIVED AT AIRPORT EARLY.
*IT IS OFTEN POSSIBLE TO PUT THE TIME AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE: -ON MONDAY I'M GOING TO PARIS. -IN SUMMER I CYCLED A LOT. *NOTE THAT YOU CANNOT USE EARLY OR LATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE.
The order of words in which the subject is placed after the predicate is called inveted order or inversion. Inversion occurs in the following cases: 1.In questions which are not put to the subject, e.g. Where can I find a more interesting book ? Are they still at home ? BUT: Who can answer my question ?
2.In exclamatory sentences expressing wish in which the verb is in the Subjunctive Mood, e.g. Long live the Soviet Army ! May you be happy and crazy !
3.When the sentence is introduced by there, e.g. There was no wind. ~~~~~~ There have been many such incidents.
4.In the following constructions, e.g. You can do it and so can i. I must leave now.-So must i. I have never liked detective stories.-Neither have i.
5.In sentences introducing direct speech, e.g. "This is what I want", said my friend. "I think it's all delightful", murmured Emily. Inversion may be the result of emphasis, when the author wishes to produce a certain stylistic effect. Here we must distinguish between the following cases:
6.The adverbial modifier of place or time opens the sentences (what is rare). In this case the subject is generally lengthy or modified by a phrase or a clause, e.g. Down below spread the town with its wide streets, beautiful buildings, bridges and green parks. In the centre of the room of the his flat stood the head of the family old Joly on himself.
7.Adverbial modifiers expressed by such words as so, thus, then, here, now, there open the sentence. In this case the subject is expressed by a noun, e.g. So ended the terrible siege of my flat. Thus began their friendship. BUT: There she goes. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
8.An adverbial modifier with a negative meaning opens the sentence: never in vain, little, etc., e.g. Never have I been so happy as now. Little did he think about it then. In vain did he try to persuade his friends to follow his example
9.The emphatic particle only (not only...but) = The adverbs hardly, scarcely (correlated with | the conjunction when) |open the sentence The adverb so sooner (correlated with the | conjunction than) | Or conjunction nor = e.g. Only then did he understand it. No sooner had the German pilot caught sight of the soviet plane than began to fire. Hardly had we started when it began to rain. They did not come to the meeting. Nor did they telephone the secretary.
10.Adverbial modifiers of amnner expressed by adverbs open the sentence, e.g. Loudly and cheerfully did the children greet him. Calmly and attentively did they listen to his story.
11.So followed by an adverbial modifier opens the sentence, e.g. So loudly did he speak that everybody could hear him. So perfectly did he do his work that it won the prize.
12.In vivid speech when the sentence begins with an adverb of direction: in, out, away, down (if the subject is expressed by a noun), e.g. Out came the chaise. In rushed the others. Off went the gun. BUT: Down he rushed. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun)
13.When an object or an adverbial modifier expressed by a word-group with not a ...,many a ... opens the sentence, e.g. Not a single mistake did he make. Many a sleepless night did she spend.
14.When a predicative ( sometimes preceded by so or expressed by such) opens the sentence ( if the subject is expressed by a noun), e.g. So cold was the night that they made a fire. Bright and sunny was the morning when we started. Such were the events of the day ! BUT: A gloomy day it was (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
15.In clauses of concession where the predicative is followed by the conjunction as (if the subject is expressed by a noun), e.g. Cold as was the water, I plunged into it. Rich as was the merchant, they did not envy him. (Dickens) BUT: Hard as it was, we did it (The subject is expressed by a pronoun)
16.In conditional clauses in the Subjunctive Mood when the conjunction if is not used, and only with the verbs: had, was, were, should, could, e.g. Had I more time, I should come to see you more often. Were it not so late, I should go to the library. Could he come, we should be very pleased.
17.Any word can be made emphatic by prefacing it with the words it is or it was and using a clause after it, e.g. It was he who did it. It was here that I saw them for the first time.
WORD ORDER (1) - VERB + OBJECT;PLACE AND TIME. A)VERB+OBJECT. THE VERB AND THE OBJECT OF THE VERB NORMALLY GO TOGETHER.WE DO NOT USUALLY PUT OTHER WORDS BETWEEN THEM. VERB+OBJECT I LIKE CHILDREN VERY MUCH. (NOT 'I LIKE VERY MUCH CHILDREN')
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WORD ORDER (1) — VERB + OBJECT;PLACE AND TIME.
A)VERB+OBJECT.
THE VERB AND THE OBJECT OF THE VERB NORMALLY GO TOGETHER.WE DO NOT USUALLY PUT OTHER WORDS BETWEEN THEM.
VERB+OBJECT
I LIKE CHILDREN VERY MUCH. (NOT 'I LIKE VERY MUCH CHILDREN')
DID YOU NORMAN YESTERDAY.
ANN OFTEN PLAYS TENNIS.
*HERE ARE SOME OTHER EXAMPLES. NOTICE HOW EACH TIME THE VERB AND THE OBJECT GO TOGETHER:
-DO YOU CLEAN THE HOUSE EVERY WEEKEND? (NOT 'DO YOU CLEAN EVERY WEEKEND THE
HOUSE')
-EVERYBODY ENJOYED THE PARTY VERY MUCH. (NOT 'EVERYBODY ENJOYED VERY MUCH THE
PARTY')
FOR THE POSITION OF WORDS LIKE ALSO SEE THE NEXT PAGE.
B)PLACE AND TIME.
WE USUALLY SAY THE PLACE (WHERE?) BEFORE THE TIME.(WHEN?/HOW OFTEN?/HOW LONG?)
PLACETIME
TOM WALKS TO WORK EVERY MORNING.(NOT 'TOM WAKS EVERY MORNING TO WORK')
WE HAS BEEN IN CANADA SINCE APRIL.
WE ARRIVED AT AIRPORT EARLY.
*IT IS OFTEN POSSIBLE TO PUT THE TIME AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE:
-ON MONDAY I'M GOING TO PARIS.
-IN SUMMER I CYCLED A LOT.
*NOTE THAT YOU CANNOT USE EARLY OR LATE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE.
The order of words in which the subject is placed after the predicate is called inveted order or inversion.
Inversion occurs in the following cases:
1.In questions which are not put to the subject, e.g. Where can I find a more interesting book ?
Are they still at home ?
BUT: Who can answer my question ?
2.In exclamatory sentences expressing wish in which the verb is in the Subjunctive Mood,
e.g. Long live the Soviet Army !
May you be happy and crazy !
3.When the sentence is introduced by there, e.g. There was no wind. ~~~~~~
There have been many such incidents.
4.In the following constructions, e.g. You can do it and so can i.
I must leave now.-So must i.
I have never liked detective stories.-Neither have i.
5.In sentences introducing direct speech, e.g. «This is what I want», said my friend.
«I think it's all delightful», murmured Emily.
Inversion may be the result of emphasis, when the author wishes to produce a certain stylistic effect. Here we must distinguish between the following cases:
6.The adverbial modifier of place or time opens the sentences (what is rare).
In this case the subject is generally lengthy or modified by a phrase or a clause,
e.g. Down below spread the town with its wide streets, beautiful buildings, bridges and green parks.
In the centre of the room of the his flat stood the head of the family old Joly on himself.
7.Adverbial modifiers expressed by such words as so, thus, then, here, now, there open the sentence.
In this case the subject is expressed by a noun, e.g. So ended the terrible siege of my flat.
Thus began their friendship.
BUT: There she goes. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
8.An adverbial modifier with a negative meaning opens the sentence: never in vain, little, etc.,
e.g. Never have I been so happy as now.
Little did he think about it then.
In vain did he try to persuade his friends to follow his example
9.The emphatic particle only (not only...but) =
The adverbs hardly, scarcely (correlated with | the conjunction when) |open the sentence
The adverb so sooner (correlated with the | conjunction than) |
Or conjunction nor =
e.g. Only then did he understand it.
No sooner had the German pilot caught sight of the soviet plane than began to fire.
Hardly had we started when it began to rain.
They did not come to the meeting. Nor did they telephone the secretary.
10.Adverbial modifiers of amnner expressed by adverbs open the sentence, e.g. Loudly and cheerfully did the children greet him.
Calmly and attentively did they listen to his story.
11.So followed by an adverbial modifier opens the sentence, e.g. So loudly did he speak that everybody could hear him.
So perfectly did he do his work that it won the prize.
12.In vivid speech when the sentence begins with an adverb of direction: in, out, away, down (if the subject is expressed by a noun),
e.g. Out came the chaise.
In rushed the others.
Off went the gun.
BUT: Down he rushed. (The subject is expressed by a pronoun)
13.When an object or an adverbial modifier expressed by a word-group with not a ...,many a… opens the sentence,
e.g. Not a single mistake did he make.
Many a sleepless night did she spend.
14.When a predicative ( sometimes preceded by so or expressed by such) opens the sentence ( if the subject is expressed by a noun),
e.g. So cold was the night that they made a fire.
Bright and sunny was the morning when we started.
Such were the events of the day !
BUT: A gloomy day it was (The subject is expressed by a pronoun.)
15.In clauses of concession where the predicative is followed by the conjunction as (if the subject is expressed by a noun),
e.g. Cold as was the water, I plunged into it.
Rich as was the merchant, they did not envy him. (Dickens)
BUT: Hard as it was, we did it (The subject is expressed by a pronoun)
16.In conditional clauses in the Subjunctive Mood when the conjunction if is not used, and only with the verbs: had, was, were, should, could,
e.g. Had I more time, I should come to see you more often.
Were it not so late, I should go to the library.
Could he come, we should be very pleased.
17.Any word can be made emphatic by prefacing it with the words it is or it was and using a clause after it,
e.g. It was he who did it.
It was here that I saw them for the first time.
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Языковой материал
Фонетический минимум : Звуковой строй англ. языка ; особенности произношения англ. гласных и согласных ; отсутствие смягченных согласных и сохранение звонких согласных в конце слова ; чтение гласных в открытом и закрытом слогах ; расхождение между произношением и написанием ; ударение , особенности интонации англ. предложений .Лексический минимум : За полный курс обучения студент должен приобрести словарный запас в 1200 лексических единиц ( слов и словосочетаний ) . С учетом основной специальности словарный запас включает в себя экономические и финансовые термины . Программа рассчитана на то , что за 1 год занятия студент должен научиться писать и читать по-английски на общебытовые и коммерческие темы , такие как : рабочий день делового человека , разговор по телефону , командировки , знакомство , посещение фирм , организация рекламы , деловая переписка , запрос и предложение , контракты , отгрузочные и платежные документы , работа бирж и др .МорфологияИмя существительное : Артикли как признаки имени существительного , предлоги – падежные формы имени существительного . Множественное число имен существительных . Притяжательный падеж имен существительных.Имя прилагательное и наречие : степени сравнения .Имена числительные : количественные , порядковые . Написание и чтение дат .Местоимения : Личные местоимения в формах именительного и объективного падежей ; притяжательные местоимения ; местоимения вопросительные , относительные , указательные . Неопределенные местоимения : some , one , any . Отрицательные местоимения no и их производные .Глагол : Видо-временные группы Perfect , Infinite , Continuous .Активная и пассивная формы ( Active and Passive Voice ).Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты . Образование повелительного наклонения и его отрицательные формы . Выражение приказания и просьбы с помощью глагола to let .
Инфинитив , его формы ; Причастие ( Participle I , Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства ) . Герундий ( Gerund).СинтаксисПростое распространенное предложение . Члены предложения . Прямой порядок слов . Обратный порядок слов в вопросительном предложении . Оборот There is/are , его перевод . Безличные предложения . Сложносочиненное и сложноподчиненное предложения . Главное и придаточное предложения .Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям .
УЧЕБНИКИ И УЧЕБНЫЕ ПОСОБИЯ
С.А Шевелева , М.В.Скворцова “ Английский для деловых людей “ (ускоренный курс ) М.,” Банки и биржи “ , 1994 г.Р.В. Резник , Т.С.Сорокина “ Грамматика английского языка “М.,Просвещение , 1995 г .А.В.Петрова “ Самоучитель английского языка “ C.-Пб.,1993 г.С.А.Шевелева , О.В.Сорокина “ Английский для банковских работников “Учебные пособия по обучению чтения .Учебные пособия по обучению лексике.Книги для чтения по профилю ВУЗаФинансово-экономические словари .
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВААудиокассета с текстами и диалогами для делового общения .Дискета с упражнениями для самоконтроля (Москва МКФЭЦ “ Гермес “)
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ ТАБЛИЦЫ
Число Лицо Им. Падеж Объективный падеж
Ед. 1. I (я) me (мне)
2. you (ты) you (тебе)
3. he (он) him (ему) she (она) her (ей ) it (оно ) it (ему)
Mн. 1. We (мы) us (нам )
2. you (вы ) you (вам)
3. they ( они ) them (мы )
I. Действительный залог
Аспект Simple Continuous
Perfect Perfect continuousВремя
Настоящее I cook Iam cookingI have cooked I have been cooking
Я готовлю Я готовлю я приготовил Я готовлю
(ежедневно) (сейчас)
(уже) (уже в течение некоторого
времени)Прошедшее I cooked I was cooking I had cooked I had been cooking
Я приготовил я готовил я приготовил я готовил ( к тому моменту
Вчера ( в тот момент )
(уже к тому м.) уже в течение некоторого
времени )
Будущее I will cook I will be cookingI will cooked I will have been cooking
Я приготовлю я буду готовить я приготовлю я буду готовить
(завтра) (в тот момент )(уже к тому моменту) (к тому моменту уже в
нек .Времени)
Страдательный залог
Аспект Simple Continuous
Perfect Perfect continuousВремя
Настоящее is built is being built has been built
Стрят (вообще) Строят (сейчас)(уже) построили
Прошедшее was built was being built has been built
Построили (вчера, строили (в тот(к тому моменту)
Когда-то) момент) построилиБудущее Will be built
Will have been built
Построят ( в будущем) построят (к тому моменту в будущем)
III. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
Односложное двусложное многосложное
Положительная (большой)(тяжелый) (интересный)
Big heavy unterestingСравнительная (больше)(тяжелее) (более интересный)
Bigger heavier more interestingПревосходная (самый большой) (самый тяжелый) (самый интересный)
The biggest the heaviest the most interesting
IV. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты , выражающие должествование
Время, глагол настоящее прошедшее будущее
Неизбежность,надо , необходимо1/must must do
вынужденность (в силу непредви денных обстоятельств) приходится2/to have to have to do had to do shall (will) have to do
обусловленность планом договор , должен3/to be to am(are , is ) was ( were )
to do to do
совет (основан на коллектив ном опыте) :следует4/should should do should have done
Модальные глагогы и их эквиваленты , выражающие возможность
Время, глагол настоящее прошедшее будущее
Возможность (реальная , физическая )Можно , может1/can can do could do2/to be able am (are , is) was ( were ) shall (will) be able to do able to do able to do разрешение , могу мне разрешено
3/may may do might do
V. Употребление many , much , a lot of , few , little a few ,
Many - много Much- многоA lot of - много A lot of- многоFew – малоLittle– малоA few - несколько A little- немногоУпотребляетсяс исчисляемыми сущ-ми Употребляется с неисчисляемыми сущ-ми
Many tables much milk , a little informationA few letters
Оформление контрольной работы
1. выполнять письменные контрольные работы следунт в отдельной тетради . на обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию , номер контр.работы , вариант , шифр специальности , группу .2. Контрольные работы должны выполнятся чернилами , аккуратно , четким почерком. При выполнении работы оставляйте в тетради широкие поля для замечаний , объяснений , и методических указаний .Материал контр.работы следует располагать в тетради по образцу :
Левая страница Правая страницаПоля Англ. Текст Русский текст
3. Контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в той последовательности , в которой они даны в настоящем пособии .4. В каждом задании выделяются один или два абзаца для проверки умения читать без словаря , понимать основную мысль , изложенную в абзаце .
После текста дается контрольный вопрос , с помощью которого проверяется , насколько правильно и точно вы поняли мысль , изложенную в абзаце . Ниже предлагается несколько вариантов ответов , среди которых необходимо найти правильный .5. Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки в институт в установленные сроки .6. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не полностью , она возвращается без проверки .
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
Контрольное задание 1
Для выполнения задания необходимо усвоить следующий материал по учебнику1. Имя существительное : Множественное число. Артикли. Притяжательный падеж. Существительное в функцииопределения и его перевод на русский язык.2. Имя прилагательное.3. Числительные.4. Местоимения : личные , притяжательные , вопросительные , указательные , неопределенные и отрицательные .5. Глагол.Формы настоящего (present) , прошедшего (past) , и будущего (future) времени группы Indefinite действительного залога . Спряжение глаголов to be , to have в Present , Past , Future Ind.Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательные формы . Модальные глаголы.6. Простое распространенное предложение прямой порядок слов повествтовательного предложений и обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения . Оборот There is/are7. Основные случаи словообразования.
Образцы выполнения
Упр.1
1. He (is, am) a student He is a student is- глагол to be 3 л. ед.ч.2. Listen to him . He (speaks, is speaking) English. Listen to him . He is speaking English.
Is speaking – (Present Continuous) настоящее продолженное в3 л. ед.ч. Действие происходит в момент речи.3. There is very (much , many) There is very much milk in the cup/ much milk – с неисчисляемыми существительными употребляется much5. Is there any bar at the airport? В аэропорту есть бар ? any -- неопред. Мeстоимение в вопросительном предложении.5. Mr. Brown paid this cheque last week . Мр. Браун оплатил этот чек на прошлой неделе . paid – Past Indefinite от глагола to pay .
ВАРИАНТ 11. His offise (is , are ) in New York , the USA.2. He (work , works) in Madrid , he ( is , am) a businessman .3. We (are , is) learning English now.4. He usually (sighs , is signing) all the documents after 11 o`clock .5. I (go , am going) to Phailand on Sunday.6. Who (waits, waiting)for Mr. Brown ?7. There (are, is) four visitors in the office .8. Here are the traveller`s cheques . Lock at (their,them).9. There is very (few, little) milk in the bottle.10. He didn`t have (many, much) luggage.
III. Переведите на английский язык , обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык модальных глаголов.
1. Вы можете забронировать номер в гостинице ?
2. Мы можем оплатить в долларах или в фунтах стерлингов .
3. Я должен сегодня просмотреть эти документы.
4. Вам нужно поставить здесь свою контрольную подпись.
III. Переведите на англ.язык.1. Здравствуйте , рад вас видеть .2. Когда прибывает самолет?—в 10.153. Дайте , пожалуйста , ваш паспорт .4. Г-н Петров прибывает в Литл-Рок , чтобы начать переговоры .
IV. Переведите на русский язык , обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Is there any lounge at the airport ?
2. There is no taxi in the street .
3. There are some travellers cheques in the briefcase .
V. Определите видо-временные формы глаголов , укажите их инфинитив , переведите предложения на русский язык1. We will reserve the hotel accommodation for Mr. Petrov for the week of the 14th February .2. He is visiting us in February .3. Mr. Brown signed this cheque yesterday .
VI. Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык .
В.1
A LETTER HOMEThe Hyde Park Hotel10th August , 1992.
My dear Sheila .I`m writing this to you from my hotel . I`ll stay here for the next two weeks , so you can write to at above address.At the moment it`s raining .It always rains when I`m in London .
I`m arrived late last Tuesday , safe but tired . Richard met me at the airport and drove me to the hotel . It`s modern and very com fortable .Yesterday morning I went for a long waik in Soho , saw many interesting things , and I had dinner with Tony in the evening .We went to a small restaurant .. It was cheap but pleasant , and the food was excellent . We`ll probably go there again next week .Tomorrow I`ll go to the office and do some work . I`ll probably meetRichard for lunch . He works in the city , too .He is doing well. He is happy , he is making a lot of money now. I think, he will become rich soon.
I brought a postcard for the children this morning and i will post it with this letter. I hope everything is all right at home. I`ll be back on the 16th November. Don`t forget to send invitations to our friends.
I miss you . All my love . Paul.
Найди правильный ответ на вопрос к тексту
What did he plan to do next day ?1. He planned to invite his friends.2. He planned to have dinner with Tony.3. He planned to go to the office and to do some work.
ВАРИАНТ 2
Выберите правильный вариант
1. Their offices (is,are) in Bern , Switzerland .2. (does , do ) he work in Minsk ?3. (are , is ) you listening to me ?4. Where is Mr. Brown ? – He (sings , is signing) the protokol .5. He (is,are) reading an English book.6. In`s 5 o`clock. He (works, os working) at the office now .7. There (is,are) a desk and four chairs in the office .8. Jane is waiting. Let`s speak with (him, her).9. There are very (few,little) passengers at the Departure control .10. Can you give me (a few, a little) marmalade?
I. Переведите на англ . язык , обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык модальных глаголов
1. Могу я задать вам вопрос ?2. Он не умеет водить машину.3. Вам нужно забронировать номер в гостинице ?4. Вы должны оплатить этот чек.
II. Перевести на англ. Язык .
1. Познакомьтесь , это г-н Смит.2. Когда отправляется поезд ? –в 9.304. Подпишите , пожалуйста этот чек.4. Сообщите нам название гостиницы , чтобы забронировать номер .
VI. Переведите на русский язык , обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Is there any signature in the cheque ?2. There is no travellers cheques on the table .3. There are some matches in the box.
III. Определите видо-временные формы глаголов , укажите их инфинитив , переведите предложения на русский язык
1. I think he will not come tomorrow.2. Mr.Brown paid this cheque last week.3. He fills in this form and reserves the hotel accomodation for Mr.Petrov.
Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык
A REPLY
Dear Sire,
We regret to inform that we cannot reserve the hotel accomodation for Mr.Petrov for the week of 14th February . Our there hotels are completely booked up for the week. They have no rooms available because the National Word PROCESSORS Association will be holding their convention in the Little Rock during the week of the 14th February. As you will surely understund they have to reserve as many rooms as possible for the members of the Association.
We propose to postpone your visit for a week. We can safely book a room for Mr.Petrov for the 21st February. We hope this will suit you and we book forward to hesring from you soon.
Yours faithfully.
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What do the Americans propose ?1. They propose to resrve a room for Mr.Petrov in Metropol hotel.2. They propose to postpone your visit for a week.3. They propose to look forward to hearing from them soon.
ВАРИАНТ 3
Выберите правильный вариант
1. I (am,is) a teacher of English .2. We (do,does) not keep documents here .3. He never (listens, is listening) to me.4. He (spends,is spending) all his spare time at club.5. We (is,are) waiting for the bank official.6. She (speaks, is speaking) two foreigh languages.7. There (is,are) a passport and two travellers cheques on the table.8. Here is your ticket. Keep (it,its).9. There is very (many, much) food on the tray.10. Don`t order (many, much) wine . I want just (a few , a little).
I. Переведите на англ. Язык , обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык модальных глаголов
1. Я смогу просмотреть эти документы завтра.2. Я смогу послать эти письма завтра.3. Завтра я должен рано встать .4. Вам нужно заполнить эту анкету по-английски.
II. Переведите на англ.язык.
1. Спасибо, это очень любезно с вашей стороны.2. Когда вы уезжаете? - Завтра в 10.15.3. Поставьте здесь свою контрольную подпись.4. Г-н Браун выехал в Киев, чтобы навестить там своего друга.
III. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.1. There are no visitors in the office.2. There are some travellers cheques on the desk.3. Is there any taxi in the street?
Определите видо-временные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык
1. He makes the necessary hotel reservation for Mr. Petrov for five days.2. They will pay these cheques next week.3. Mr. Brown arrived in London last Monday.
Прочитайте и переведите на русский язык
At the air terminal
Mr. Harding’s taxi arrived at the air terminal. It’s ten past nine. He thanks the driver and pays the fare. The driver takes Mr. Harding’s luggage and puts it on the ground.
A porter takes the luggage to the air terminal. Mr. Harding looks at a clock. It’s a quarter past nine.
A stewardess takes Mr. Harding’s ticket and luggage. She keeps the luggage but gives the ticket back. Then she gives the luggage to the coach driver. The coach arrives at twenty past nine.
It’s half past nine now. The coach arrived at the airport. Mr. Harding goes to the Departure Control. An official looks at Mr. Harding’s passport.It a quarter to ten Mr. Harfing follows a stewardess to the plane.
It’s ten o’clock, and the plane leaves on time.
Найдите правильный ответ на вопрос к тексту
What does the driver do with Mr. Harding’s luggage?1. He takes his luggage to the air terminal.2. He gives his luggage to the coach driver.3. He takes his luggage and puts it on the ground.
Вариант 1
1. Yesterday I (checed in, have checked in) at the Bristol Hotel.2. I (looked through, have looked through) the catalogues. The prices are very high.3. We (bought, have bought) there nachines at a good price last year.4. They (are guoted, guote) very high prices in their catalogue.5. The goods (were delivered, delivered) a few days ago.6. There are very (few, little) passengers at the Departure Con.7. Don’t order (many, much) wine. I want just (a few, a little).8. I didn’t go to the enquiry office (too, either).9. Look! It (rains, is raining).10. (Can, must) you tell me the way to nearest underground station?
1. Catalogues and price-lists are enclosed with this letter.2. Good results have been achieved in laboratory tests.3. The price problem will be discussed tomorrow.4. This informatoon can be found on page 7 of the Contract.
1. After we settle the price problem we’ll sign the contract.2. We’ll discuss these problems when meet next time.3. We’ll be pleassed to supply you with this information if you need it.
1. a) He’s going to visit the local branch of the Company. b) During his visit to the local branch he had talks with Mr. Rawson.2. a) I cannot give you an answer right now. b) I’m sure he’ll answer all my questions.3. a) He’s working for the G.C.F.T. now. b) His work requires a lot of time.
A CONTRACT (EXTRACTS)
CONTRACT № 5/32
London
March, 20th, 19__.
Agroimport , Moscow, Russia, here in after referred to as the “Buyers” on the one side and Brown and Co. Here in after referred to as “Sellers” on the other side have concluded the present Contract on the following:Clause 1. Subject of the Contract.
The Sellers have sold and the Buyers have bought on f.o.b. terms 20 pumps model MP-3.Clause 2. Price and Total amount of the Contract.
The price is …. per unit and the total amount of the contract is ….The price is understood to be f.o.b. London including seaworthy packing, marking, loading on board the ship and stowing.Clause 3. Delivery Dates.
The equipment in indicated in clause of the Contract is to be delivered on the following dates…
By the specified dates the equipment is to be manufactured in accordance with the contract conditions, tested, packed and delivered to the port of London.
The sellers may deliver the equipment prior to he stipulated dates only if there is a written concert of the Buyers.
The date of the clean on board bill or lading issued in the name of the Buyers in considered to be the date of delivery.Clause 4. Payment.
Payment is to be made for collection in US Dollars.
The following document are to be presented to the Bank:InvoiceClean on board bill of lading.Test CertificateInsurance Policy.Packing listExport license
Пояснения к текстуВ английских деловых документах обычно пишутся с большой буквы следующие слова: Buyers, Sellers, наименования валют, товаров, документов и.т.д.
Переведите на английский язык, используя лексику текста.
.. заключили настоящий контракт о следующем.2. Цена и общая стоимость контракта.Цена понижается на условиях английских порт, включая морскую упаковку, маркировку, погрузку на борт судна и доставку.К установленным срокам оборудование должно быть изготовлено в соответствии с условиями контракта.Дата чистого бортового документа, выписанного на имя покупателя считается датой поставки.Платёж производится по инкассо в долларах.
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