Read the text.
TRAVEL AGENTS AND TOUR COMPANIES
1. In 1841 an English Baptist missionary named Thomas Cook arranged for a railway excursion from Leicester to Loughborough for a temperance group. Three years later the railroad—the Midland Counties Railway Company – agreed to make the excursion a permanent feature if Cook would provide the passengers. He became the first travel agent, and the company he founded – Thomas Cook and Son – went on to become one of the world's leading travel agencies with offices around the world.
2. In the late 1950s, before the jet age, there were about 3,000 travel agents in the United States. By the late 1980s there were more than 20,000, with tens of thousands more worldwide. Travel agents book and sell airline, train, bus, and ship tickets. They reserve hotel rooms and arrange for ground transportation at the destination. They can also make restaurant reservations and obtain theater tickets. For these and other services they are paid a commission by those whose wares they sell. In addition to dealing with public, the travel agent must deal with people who work for
other components in the industry. One of the important aspects of the job is keeping informed of the pricing policies of airlines and hotels. The agent must also keep up with different developments in tourism - new resorts, changing travel regulations, new services.
3. Tour operators are companies that arrange every aspect of a travel package. They bring together all the elements of a trip for travelers or for groups of travelers: plane reservations and tickets, hotel arrangements, ground transportation, entertainment, and more. All these components are sold together as a package. Travelers may deal directly with a tour company, or they may book tours through a travel agent.
4. Today there is a great deal of overlapping between the services of travel agents and tour operators. Companies like Thomas Cook and American Express perform both services, and many independent travel agencies put together tour packages for customers.
27. Define the following statement:
Thomas Cook is considered to be the first travel agent.
a) true b) no information c) false28. Define the following statement:
Tour operators sell package tours
a) true b) false c) no information
29. Define the following statement:
Travel agents are paid commissions by airlines and hotels.
a) false b) no information c) true30. Define the following statement:
Travel agents should be aware of the new developments in travel industry.
a) true b) no information c) false 31. Define which part of the text this information correspond to:
Travel agents have a wide range of responsibilities.
a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) 432. Define which part of the text this information correspond to:
Package tour includes various components of a trip.
a) 4 b) 3 c) 1 d) 233. Answer the question:
What was the main difference between travel agents and tour operators functions?
a) Travel agents made restaurant reservations.
b) Travel agents performs services connected with different aspect of travel.
c) Travel agents sold only package tours.
d) There were tens thousands travel agents all around the world by the end of the 20th century.34. Define the main idea of the text:
a) The history of travel agencies comes back in the 19th century.
b) Both travel agencies and tour companies either perform different tourist services or arrange package tours.
c) There are a lot of tour companies worldwide.
d) The career of a travel agent is very popular. TOURISM IN FRANCE
1. Tourism ranks as one of France's leading industries. The country has a variety of landscapes and climates unmatched in Europe. These features, together with historical and cultural sites, architectural treasures, recreational facilities, and famous foods and wines, have made France a favorite of tourists from North America and other parts of Europe. Increasing numbers of travelers from Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East are visiting France.
2. The French travel widely within their own country as well. The introduction of paid vacations for industrial workers led to a boom in family tourism. Today most French workers receive four or five weeks of paid vacation annually, and such regions as Brittany and Languedoc profit from low-budget family tourism. Many wealthier city residents have second homes, either in places from which their families once migrated or in desirable vacation districts. Many of these homes are used for retirement as well as for holiday sites during the owners' working years.
3. For international travelers, as for many French people from throughout the country, Paris remains the greatest attraction. The capital's artistic and cultural attractions, its famous shops and restaurants, the color and animation of its many districts make Paris one of the most visited places in the world.
4. Next to Paris in popularity is the Mediterranean coast, which includes part of the French Riviera. Sheltered by the Alps, the Riviera first became popular in the 1860s as a winter resort for wealthy visitors, mainly tourists from England. Its fame grew steadily, and today it is known especially as a summer resort area. The mountainous areas of France have also had a dramatic rise in tourist income during recent years, largely because of increasing interest in winter sports. People once visited the mountains mainly in summer for health reasons, but these areas now benefit from almost a year-round season.
27. Define the following statement:
France is a popular tourist destination.
a) false b) true c) no information
28. Define the following statement:
Mountainous areas of France are visited only in summer.
a) true b) no information c) false
29. Define the following statement:
Domestic tourism in France is of great importance.
a) false b)true c) no information
30. Define the following statement:
The role of government is vital to the tourism in France
a) true b) false c) no information 31. Define which part of the text this information correspond to:
Family tourism in France is highly developed
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 132. Define which part of the text this information correspond to:
Summer resorts of France are very attractive for foreign tourists.
a) 3 b) 1 c) 4 d) 2
33. Answer the question:
Why France is so popular among foreign visitors?
a) French people like to travel within their own country.
b) France provides excellent opportunities for improving health.
c) There is a combination of unique climate, cultural treasures, national cuisine in France.
d) The country has a favourable geographical position.34. Define the main idea of the text:
a) The capital of France is the greatest attraction for visitors.
b) France is famous for its winter resorts.
c) Being one of the most enjoyable places to visit France offers both many attractions to explore and excellent recreational facilities.
d) France is well-known for its historical monuments and cultural sites.ТУРИСТИЧЕСКИЕ АГЕНТЫ И КОМПАНИИ ТУРА 1. В 1841 английский Баптистский миссионер по имени Томас Кук устраивал железнодорожную экскурсию от Лестера до Лафборо для группы умеренности. Три года спустя железная дорога — центральная Компания Железной дороги Округов – согласилась делать экскурсию постоянной особенностью, если Повар обеспечит пассажирам. Он стал первым туристическим агентом, и компанией, которую он основал – Томас Кук и Сын – продолжали, чтобы стать одним из всемирных ведущих туристических агентств с офисами во всем мире.
2. В конце 1950-ых, перед веком высоких скоростей, в Соединенных Штатах было приблизительно 3 000 туристических агентов. К концу 1980-ых были больше чем 20 000, с более международными десятками тысяч. Туристические агенты заказывают и продают авиалинию, поезд, автобус, и отправляют билеты. Они резервируют гостиничные номера и устраивают наземный транспорт в предназначении. Они могут также сделать резервирование ресторана и получить билеты театра. Для этих и других услуг они заплачены комиссия теми, оборудование которых они продают. В дополнение к контакту с общественностью, туристический агент должен иметь дело с людьми, которые работают у других компонентов в промышленности. Один из важных аспектов работы держит информированным относительно политики оценки авиалиний и гостиниц. Агент должен также не отставать от различных достижений в туризме - новые курорты, изменяя регламентирование путешествия, новые услуги. 3. Организаторы турпоездок - компании, которые устраивают каждый аспект пакета путешествия. Они объединяют все элементы поездки для путешественников или для групп путешественников: резервирование самолета и билеты, меры гостиницы, наземный транспорт, развлечение, и больше. Все эти компоненты проданы вместе как пакет. Путешественники могут иметь дело непосредственно с компанией тура, или они могут заказать туры через туристического агента.
4. Сегодня есть большое перекрывание между услугами туристических агентов и организаторов турпоездок. Компании как Томас Кук и American Express выполняют обе услуги, и много независимых туристических агентств соединяют пакеты тура для клиентов. 27. Определить следующее утверждение: Томас Кук, как рассматривают, является первым туристическим агентом.
a) истинный b) никакая информация c) ложные 28. Определите следующее утверждение: Организаторы турпоездок продают отдыхи по путевке a) истинный b) ложный c) никакая информация 29. Определите следующее утверждение: Туристические агенты - заплаченные комиссии авиалиниями и гостиницами.
a) ложный b) никакая информация c) истинные 30. Определите следующее утверждение: Туристические агенты должны знать о новых достижениях в промышленности путешествия.
a) истинный b) никакая информация c) ложные 31. Определите, какой части текста эта информация соответствует: Туристические агенты имеют широкий диапазон обязанностей. a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) 4 32. Определите, какой части текста эта информация соответствует: Отдых по путевке включает различные компоненты поездки.
a) 4 b) 3 c) 1 d) 2 33. Ответьте на вопрос: Какова был главной разницей между функциями организаторов турпоездок и туристическими агентами?
a) Туристические агенты сделали резервирование ресторана.
b) Туристические агенты выполняют услуги, связанные с различным аспектом путешествия.
c) Туристические агенты продали только отдыхи по путевке.
d) Были туристические агенты тысяч десятков на всем свете к концу 20-ого столетия. 34. Определить главную идею относительно текста: a) история туристических агентств возвращается в 19-ом столетии.
b) Оба туристических агентства и компании тура или выполняют различные туристские услуги или устраивают отдыхи по путевке.
c) Есть много компаний тура во всем мире.
d) Карьера туристического агента очень популярна. ТУРИЗМ ВО ФРАНЦИИ 1. Туризм занимает место как одна из ведущих отраслей промышленности Франции. Страна имеет множество пейзажей и климатов, непревзойденных в Европе. Эти особенности, вместе с историческими и культурными местами, архитектурными сокровищами, региональными средствами обслуживания, и знаменитыми пищевыми продуктами и винами, сделали Францию фаворитом туристов из Северной Америки и других частей Европы.
Увеличивая числа путешественников из Азии, Латинская Америка, и Ближний Восток посещают Францию.
2. Французское путешествие широко в пределах их собственной страны также. Введение заплаченных каникул для промышленных рабочих приводило к буму в семейном туризме. Сегодня большинство французских рабочих получает четыре или пять недель заплаченных каникул ежегодно, и таких областей как Бретанская и Лангедокская прибыль от низкобюджетного семейного туризма. Много более богатых городских жителей имеют вторые дома, или в местах, от которых их семьи однажды мигрировали или в желательных районах каникул. Многие из этих домов используются для отставки так же как для праздничных мест в течение рабочих лет владельцев.
3. Для международных путешественников, что касается многих французских людей от по всей стране, Париж остается самой большой привлекательностью. Артистические и культурные соблазны столицы, ее знаменитые магазины и рестораны, цвет и мультипликация ее многих районов делают Париж одним из наиболее посещаемых мест в мире.
4. Рядом с Парижем в популярности - Средиземноморское побережье, которое включает часть Французской Ривьеры. Защищенный Альпами, Ривьера сначала стала популярной в 1860-ых как зимний курорт для богатых посетителей, главным образом туристы из Англии. Его известность росла устойчиво, и сегодня известно тем более, что летняя область курорта.
Горные области Франции также имели резкое повышение в туристском доходе в течение последних лет, в значительной степени из-за увеличивающегося интереса зимой спортивные состязания. Люди однажды посетили горы главным образом летом по причинам здоровья, но эти области теперь извлекают выгоду с почти круглогодичного сезона. 27. Определить следующее утверждение: Франция - популярное туристское предназначение.
a) ложный b) истинный c) никакая информация 28. Определите следующее утверждение: Горные области Франции посещены только летом.
a) истинный b) никакая информация c) ложные 29. Определите следующее утверждение: Внутренний туризм во Франции очень важен.
a) ложный b) истинный c) никакая информация 30. Определите следующее утверждение: роль правительства не жизненно важна для туризма во Франции a) истинный b) ложный c) никакая информация 31. Определите, какой части текста эта информация соответствует: Семейный туризм во Франции высоко развит a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 1 32. Определите, какой части текста эта информация соответствует: Летние курорты Франции очень привлекательны для иностранных туристов.
a) 3 b) 1 c) 4 d) 2 33. Ответьте на вопрос: Почему Франция настолько популярна среди иностранных посетителей?
a) Французские люди любят путешествовать в пределах их собственной страны. b) Франция обеспечивает превосходные возможности улучшить здоровье.
c) Есть комбинация уникального климата, культурных сокровищ, национальная кухня во Франции.
d) Страна имеет благоприятное географическое положение. 34. Определить главную идею относительно текста: a) столица Франции - самая большая привлекательность для посетителей.
b) Франция знаменита ее зимними курортами.
c) Быть одним из самых приятных мест, чтобы посетить Францию предлагает и много соблазнов, чтобы исследовать и превосходные региональные средства обслуживания.
d) Франция известна за ее исторические памятники и культурные места.
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Travel Agents Essay, Research Paper
Travel Agents
Travel agents make travel arrangements for individuals or
groups. They plan itineraries, make reservations for hotels,
transportation, or tours. Also, prepare tickets, suggest places to go,
give brochures, and gives all the information to the person traveling.
In this job you have to atlears have a high school diploma. Many
vocational schools offer 6-12 week full-time travel agent programs. A
few colleges offer a bachelor?s and master?s degree in travel and
tourism. The skills needed would have to do with operating word
processors, selling products or services, giving information on events
and procedures, and waiting on customers. Some high level skills
would be planning, giving information, computing, and totaling
charges. The salary for travel agents is anywhere between
$20,000-$40,000. It usually depends how long you work there. The
longer you work the more money you make.
The working conditions are usually sitting at a desk in an office.
The have a computer to use for reservations. They can talk to
customers in person or on the phone. Travel agents have a stressful
job sometimes because they may have to deal with airline delays,
weather emergencies, incorrect information, or computer failure.
travel agents have very different schedules. They may work
forty-hour weeks, but also work evenings and Saturdays. Also, a lot
of overtime work may be expected.
There?s a very small number of job openings for this job. A total
of 6,628 annual job openings is expected between 1996 and 2006.
The outlook is increasing. The employment change from 1996 and
2006 is estimated to be +33.5%. This is a small occupation in the
United States, employing 119,856 workers in 1996.
The typical tasks connected with this job would be to describe,
plan, arrange, and sell travel packages offered by different travel
carriers. Also, mostly anything to do with knowing direction,countries,
cities, states, and all different locations. Another task would be to be
organized; otherwise, your job will not be successful.
The aptitudes that I may need to learn would be things like
General learning ability, Numerical perception, Eye-hand
coordination, Finger dexterity, and Manual dexterity. Some of the
significant Aptitudes for this job would be Verbal and Clerical
perception. This job doesn?t require any physical abilities.
This job satisfies my primary and secondary needs and wants
by helping me realize ideas for what to do for a job. My primary
needs are things I need to help me live which means that this will
fulfill my life. It will help me make enough money to live. My
secondary wants would be things to make me happy. I would like this
job to be close by, not too far away.
Two or three related jobs that I would consider going into if
necessary would be something with business, information,
management, and marketing. Travel agents use these three things.
These are just other choices incase the travel agent doesn?t work for
me.
When I used the surveys given in class, they told me I was a
people person. You need that when you become a travel agent,
because you need to talk to people and help them understand what
they need to know. Also, you need reading, writing, computer
understanding, and typing skills, which either I have now or could
learn more in college.
I would like to pursue this career choice. I think this job is right
for me in different ways. It is right because all the interests or
aptitudes follow what I have to get a job. I took surveys, they told me
the same thing. There weren?t any surprises. There were some
things I didn?t know, but now I do. I think the positive factors include
salary, the outlook, and skills. The negative factor is that computers
have almost taken over everything including travel agents. For
example they do plane tickets over the Internet. I could see myself
doing this in 10-15 even 20 years from now.
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— Do you like to travel?
— Yes, I do. Besides, I want to say that I can not imagine my life without travelling. Modern means of communication make the world a small place. Now it is possible to visit many countries and meet people of all nations. Today travelling is a way of life for some people. Moreover, in the past travelling was a specific driving force of human development. For example, the rudiments of mathematics were brought to Europe from Bagdad in the 13th century. In the past travelling was extremely dangerous, but it did not stop explorers to investigate our planet.
— Do you travel much?
— No, to my regret I do not travel much. Although I am fond of seeing new places and meeting different people, I can do it only once a year.
— What countries have you visited?
— I have visited Great Britain.
— When did you visit Great Britain?
— I visited Great Britain last year.
— What can you tell us about your journey?
— Last summer my classmates and I went to Great Britain for a holiday. We lived in the host-families in the suburbs of London. We went to London every day by the 12 o'clock train. We didn't go to England only for pleasure. We were learning English there. We had classes of English five days a week three hours a day. Our English teacher gave us classes of English at school. And when the classes were over her assistant took us round London and showed us the sights.
— Did you see a lot of places of interest?
— We took most of our stay there. We had never been to London before, but we knew a lot about its places of interest such as the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the Tower of London, the Houses of Parliament, Nelson's Column.
— What impressed you most of all there in London?
— I was greatly impressed by Changing the Guard. It is London's most popular spectacle. It takes place in the forecourt of Buckingham and lasts about 30 minutes. Every day a lot of people come to the palace to see it.
— What did do at the weekends?
— At the weekends we were looking around all day long. We went to Hampton Court, the residence of Henry VIII, Windsor Castle, the residence of Elizabeth II. We went to Rochester. There we visited Dickens's museum and a medieval castle. I was greatly impressed by Hampton Court. Henry VIII liked his palace on the Thames very much. We also could feel its beauty as we walked around the magnificent building. Every corner captured our hearts. Beneath the colonnade in Clock Court was the entrance to the king's apartments, restored to their full glory after the fire of 1986. History was vividly seen there.
— What other London places of interest did you like?
— I liked the Tower of London and St Paul's Cathedral.
— What do you know about them?
— St. Paul's Cathedral is Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece. The construction of the Cathedral lasted for 34 years. It is crowned by the dome. Inside the Dome are scenes from the life of St. Paul. Here too is the famous Whispering Gallery. There are many memorials in the Cathedral including those to the heroes such as Wellington and Nelson. As for the Tower of London, it is connected with many important events in English history. It has served as citadel, palace, prison, mint, menagerie. Now it is a museum. The White Tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror to protect the city. The Tower is famous for its illustrious prisoners. Many great people lost their heads on the executioner's block. The Tower is guarded by the Yeoman Warders popularly known as 'Beefeaters', clad in their traditional Tudor uniforms.
— What do you know about British cultural life?
— I can make some general comments on British cultural life. First of all I want to say that English culture, enriched by the contributions of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, dominates in the cultural life of the United Kingdom. Widespread changes in the United Kingdom's cultural life occurred after 1945. The most remarkable was perhaps the emergence first of Liverpool and then of London in the 1960s as the world centres of popular culture. The «Beatles» were only the first and best-known of the many British rock music groups to win the world. British clothing designers for a time led the world as innovators of new styles of dress for both men and women, and the brightly coloured outfits sold in Carnaby Street and King's Road shops briefly became symbols of Britain.
— Does the British government support the arts?
— As far as I know, during the postwar period, successive governments shifted their policies toward the arts. The independent Arts Council, formed in 1946, supports many kinds of contemporary creative and performing arts. This support has supplemented the great expansion of the cultural market, mainly commercial, and of audiences and viewers for the arts generally.
— Were you happy there in London?
— Yes, of course. I was very happy there. I liked my host-family very much.
— What are usual meals in England?
— The usual meals in England are breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner. Breakfast is generally a bigger meal than that on the Continent, though some English prefer a continental breakfast of rolls, butter and coffee. It is said that the traditional English breakfast is porridge. But it is not so. They do not like porridge. They think that their guests from the Continent like it and serve it to them every morning. English people like corn flakes or cereals with milk and honey, bacon and eggs, marmalade with buttered toast, and tea or coffee.
— What do English people have for lunch?
— They have lunch at one o'clock. At lunch time in a London cafe or restaurant it is possible to find a mutton chop, or steak and chips, fish and chips, and something of the like, then a fruit to follow.
— Do all English have their famous five o'clock tea?
— No, not all of them. It is the privilege of the conference participants or the representatives of some leisure classes who take it as a kind of social activity with a chat and a cup of tea with pastries or a cake.
— What do English have for dinner?
— Dinner time throughout England is seven o'clock p.m. For some families dinner is the biggest meal of the day. But for others midday meal is the chief one of the day while in the evening they have a much simpler supper — an omelette, or sausages, or a glass of milk.
— Is British food specific?
— Previously everything people ate was home-made, and prepared in the traditional way. Nowadays produced food is replacing the slow, careful preparation of fresh vegetables and other ingredients. Canteens, cafeterias and even many restaurants serve course meals instead of individually prepared dishes for each customer. As far as I know British restaurants have not always been famous for their good food. Too often they offered fried food and chips with everything. But now healthy food is in fashion and so is international cooking.
— Where have the British taken food ideas from?
— The British have taken food ideas from all over the world. They can eat Chinese, Indian, French, Italian and Greek food in any big city, and in London there is a fantastic variety of restaurants.
— Do the British often go to the restaurants?
— Most British families go to the restaurants only on special occasions, like birthdays, or wedding anniversaries. The restaurant's best customers are business people, who meet in them to talk business in a relaxed atmosphere away from the telephone. For visitors to London, eating out can be fun. In some restaurants the menu and decor are just like they were in Queen Victoria's day, a hundred years ago.
— Where can visitors to London go to have special London feeling?
— If visitors to London want special London feeling, they should go to the «Ritz» in Piccadilly for tea any afternoon at about half past four. Or they can try England's favourite food — chips and fish. They can take it away and eat where they like — in the park, on the bus or while walking down the street. That's what Londoners do!
— Have you ever travelled by air?
— Yes, I have. It happened a year ago when we went to Great Britain. We got to London by air. On the appointed day we went to the airport by car. Soon we boarded the big air-liner. When we took off the voice informed us about the altitude we were flying. The flight took us more than three hours. Time passed quickly. The plane arrived at the airport in time.
— Have you ever used any other way of travelling?
— Certainly. There are different ways of travelling. I have travelled by train, car, and boat. When I travelled by car or train a blurred image of the countryside always smeared the window. It is a peculiar feature of our time not to use legs but to move about in cars, trains, jets, from a very early age. Today people travel hundred of miles every day.
— What kind of travelling do your parents prefer?
— My parents prefer to travel by coach, that is why of all the available tours they choose coach tours. Such tours are not expensive and my parents like them very much. Coach tours give a chance to do a lot of sightseeing and have a good rest at the same time. Last year my parents bought a coach tour. They enjoyed the tour very much. During the ten-day holiday they visited Germany, the Netherlands and France. There was no trouble with the luggage because it was taken care of at every night stop. Moreover hotels were carefully selected and booked in advance. My parents recollect this tour even a year later.
— What role does tourism play in the present day society?
— I think, it is very useful to visit different countries and get familiar with different cultures. People today are travelling far more than they ever used to. Some people think that tourists damage either the districts or cultural and historical places they visit. Certainly, it is a sufficient reason for tourism to be stopped. Others consider that today tourism has been elevated to a kind of religious ritual which is gradually exhausting our planet. Moreover, when people travel at high speeds they live in the future because they spend most of their time awaiting the arrival at some other place, and the present stops to be a reality. One should remember that travelling at high speed is a means not an end in itself.
— Did people travel much in the historical past?
— In the past people did not travel so much as we do today. Tourism is the phenomenon of the 20th century. In the past people set sail in search of new land and trade routes. The period of extensive travelling in called the Age of Discovery.
— Is it possible to date the beginning of the Age of Discovery?
— Some historians think that the Age of Discovery, which opened the world to European shipping, began around 1419 when Portugal's Prince Henry, known as «the Navigator», established a maritime training centre on his country's Atlantic coast.
— What were the consequences of the Age of Discovery for the peoples of Africa?
— They were disastrous. Africa had a slave trade. In 1434 Portuguese adventurers brought the first black slaves to Lisbon. As Europe's transatlantic colonies grew in importance, so did the need for manual labour. It is supposed that as many as 10 million slaves were transported to the New World, perhaps 5 million of them in the 18th century. Nearly two million more died aboard the crowded prison ships that carried slaves to work the sugar fields of the Caribbean or the cotton plantations of the American South.
— Was the Age of Discovery damaging to the New World?
— Native Americans were victimized by colonialism: millions died of imported diseases like smallpox, which their immune systems could not handle. The conquistadors ruthlessly suppressed the cultures of Aztecs of Mexico and Incas of Peru.
— Did the cultures of the Aztecs of Mexico and the Incas of Peru give anything to the world?
— They made a lasting and invaluable contribution to world cuisine. Tomatoes, potatoes, corn and peppers, tobacco, and many other delicacies, came to us from the New World.
— What do you know about the native inhabitants of the New World?
— Before Columbus set foot on the shores of the New World on 12 October 1492, the Mayans lived around the great cities and temples their ancestors had built in the south-eastern Mexico. It is a well established fact that the Maya civilization reached its zenith during the Classical period, from about AD 250 to 900. After AD 900 it began to decay, perhaps owing to stresses in the social structure, overpopulation, and deforestation." A number of important cities emerged in the late Classic period. The inhabitants of the cities were building striking stone architectural monuments, but their scientific and artistic achievements were not remarkable. Their economies remained underdeveloped. By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Maya civilization was in decline, yet they resisted subjugation longer than either the Aztecs of Mexico or the Incas of Peru. Spain ruled Central America for about 300 years. The Mayans maintained their autonomy only 1697. Unfortunately, disease and the social disruption brought with the Spanish conquest annihilated a large part of the native population during the 16th century.
www.ronl.ru
<st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Secondary</st1:PlaceName><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Comprehensive</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>School</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>№ 662
Report
“Travelling”
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Made by Adamyan Ashot
A student of the 9th form
Consulted by
AgarkovaNatalia Nikolayevna<span Times New Roman",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: RU">
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<st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:place></st1:City>
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<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Introduction
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Traveling is one of the waysof discovering new countries.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Millionsof people all over the world spend their holidays traveling. They travel to seeother continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns, they travel toenjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene. Its always interestingto discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people, totry different food, to listen to different musical rhythms. Those who live in the country like to go to a big city and spend their timevisiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining atexotic restaurants. City-dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea or inthe mountains, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and laze in the sun. Most travelers and holiday-makers take a camera with them and take pictures ofeverything that interests them — the sights of a city, old churches andcastles, views of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests;different kinds of trees, flowers and plants, animals and birds. Later, perhaps years later, they will be reminded by the photos of the happytime they have had. People travel by train, by plane, by boat, by car, by bike and on foot. Peopletravel to have a holidays or to have business. If people have business tripsthey choose the fastest transport. They often travel by plane or by train. Itis very expensive but it is very fast. And if people want to have a rest theychoose traveling by boat, by car, on horseback and etc. When you travel by caror by bike you can stop where you want. All means of travel have their advantages and disadvantages. And people chooseone according to their plans and destinations. If we are fond of traveling, we see and learn a lot of things that we can neversee or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers,and see pictures of them on TV. The best way to study geography is to travel,and the best way to get to know and understand people is to meet them in theirown homes. The best way to study geography is to travel, and the best way toget to know and understand people is to meet them in their own homes.
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<span Arial",«sans-serif»">What attracts tourists to <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region>?
<st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:country-region w:st=«on»><span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Russia
has always been a country of mystery attractive for foreigners. Thereare lots of villages and towns in Russia famous for their specificcrafts: painted boxes in Palekh, wooden tableware in Khokhloma and toys in Dymkovo.Thousands of foreigners visit Russiato enjoy the typical Russian log houses, decorated with wood carvings.<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Tourists like tovisit old Russian towns and cities famous for their ancient architecture. They areespecially attracted by Russian orthodox cathedrals, churches and monasteries.One of the most interesting old cities in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»>Russia</st1:country-region>is <st1:City w:st=«on»>Novgorod</st1:City>, or <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Novgorod</st1:place></st1:City> the Great, as it was called in theold times. It is a treasury of architecture, painting and applied art createdover the 11th to 17th centuries. The first records of the city on the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Volkhov</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> date back to theyear of 859. Now <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Novgorod</st1:place></st1:City>has expanded far beyond its former limits. It is an important industrial andcultural centre, located on the busy highway linking <st1:City w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:City>and <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>St. Petersburg</st1:place></st1:City>.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The focal point ofthe city is the Detinets, or the Kremlin. Thepresent-day Kremlin stems largely from the 15th century. Several alterationsmade in the 16th and 17th centuries were minor and did not affect its appearance.<st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Novgorod</st1:place></st1:City>’scontribution to the development of Russian culture is outstanding. No othercity excels <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Novgorod</st1:place></st1:City>in the number of ancient monuments of architecture. The Novgorod Museum ofHistory, Architecture and Art shows visitors the history of the medieval <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:City w:st=«on»>Novgorod</st1:City></st1:place>. Its artisticvalue lies primarily in its collection of medieval icon painting.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">There is a lot to seein Russia, but first of all foreign tourists visit the capital of our country,Moscow, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. They dream ofvisiting Red Square, which is called the heart of <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:place></st1:City>. Perhaps, the most ancient <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>monument</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Red Square</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> is St. Basil’s Cathedral.With its nine beautifully painted cupolas, it is a real masterpiece of ancientRussian architecture.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">If you come to <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:place></st1:City>for the first time, you should by all means visit the Kremlin, which is veryimpressive. <img src="/cache/referats/21908/image002.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025"> On the territory of the Kremlin you can seeold cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>State</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Kremlin</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Palace</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, the Tsar Cannonand the Tsar Bell, the biggest cannon and bell in the world. The tallestKremlin tower, the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Spasskaya</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>,has become the symbol of the country.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">If you leave theKremlin by the Trinity Gate you will come to the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Alexandrovsky</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Gardens</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. The first thing to do in theGardens is to stand by the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, still and silent. Notfar from the <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Alexandrovsky</st1:PlaceName><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Gardens</st1:PlaceType>, behind the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Bolshoi</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Kamenny</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Bridge</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, you will see Christ the Saviour Cathedral, with its huge beautiful gilded dome.Foreigners are usually surprised by the number of churches and cathedrals inand around the city. There are also a lot of beautiful palaces, old mansionsand monuments in <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:place></st1:City>.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">There are more than80 museums in our capital. The largest museums are the PushkinMuseum of Fine Arts, whose collections include works of art of the ancientOrient and ancient <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Egypt</st1:place></st1:country-region>,and the State Tretyakov Gallery, which houses a richcollection of Russian painting and Russian icons. Other unique museums in <st1:City w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:City> are the <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>State</st1:PlaceType><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>History</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Museum</st1:PlaceType>,the All-Russia Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art, the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Polytechnical</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Museum</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> and many others. <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:place></st1:City> is famous for itstheatres, too. The best-known of them is the BolshoiOpera House. Drama theatres and studios are also very popular.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Another interestingplace to visit in <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:place></st1:City>is the All-Russia Exhibition Centre which occupies an area of <st1:metricconverter ProductID=«530 acres» w:st=«on»>530 acres</st1:metricconverter>. The ExhibitionCentre is situated in a beautiful park. The most admired feature of theExhibition Centre is its fountains. The “Friendship of the Nations” and the“Stone Flower” fountains are the most beautiful. The Exhibition Centre is alarge cultural and commercial complex where different international exhibitionsand fairs are held.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">One of the mostfamous sights of the city is the Moscow Metro and a journey by Metro will beunforgettable. In the Metro you do not feel as if you’re underground. This isdue to the unique architecture and the artistic design of the stations, whichare more like palaces. No two stations are alike; most of them have their own appearance.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Of course, everyforeigner should visit <st1:City w:st=«on»>St. Petersburg</st1:City>, thesecond largest city in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region>and one of the most splendid cities in the world. It was founded in 1703 byPeter the Great at the mouth of the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Neva</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. Now it is animportant industrial, cultural and educational centre.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> <img src="/cache/referats/21908/image004.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026">
<st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»><span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">St. Petersburg
is indeed a wonderful city: at every turn there is something to catchyour eye. The WinterPalace, St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the Peter-and-PaulFortress, and the AdmiraltyBuilding attractthousands of tourists from every corner of the world. Petersburg’s many museums house some of theworld’s most famous art collections. The Hermitage and the RussianMuseum,for example, contain the richest collections of pictures in the world.<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> <img src="/cache/referats/21908/image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027">
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The city is called the <st1:place w:st=«on»>Northern Venice</st1:place>, because there are 65 rivers, branches and canals therewith artistically decorated bridges. It’s also famous for its beautiful whitenights.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">There are a lot of Hero-cities in our country. And Iwould recommend that my foreign friends visit one of them. <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Volgograd</st1:place></st1:City> is a legendary city, because herein 1943 the Soviet Army won the great and glorious victory over the fascists.The city was completely ruined during the war, but now it is a beautiful cityagain. It stands on the banks of the great Russian river <st1:place w:st=«on»>Volga</st1:place>.The symbol of <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Volgograd</st1:place></st1:City>is the Mamaev Hill. It was the centre of fightingduring the heroic defence of <st1:place w:st=«on»>Stalingrad</st1:place>.Now there is a great memorial there. Besides, you can visit the <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Stalingrad</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Battle</st1:PlaceName><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Panorama</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Museum</st1:PlaceType>,which is situated on the bank of the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Volga</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. The centre of <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Volgograd</st1:place></st1:City> is the Squareof the Fallen Heroes. In the middle of it there is a granite obelisk and thecommon graves of the heroes of the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War. Atthe foot of the memorial you can see the Eternal Flame. Now <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Volgograd</st1:place></st1:City> is a big industrial and culturalcentre.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">There are a lot of other interesting towns and citiesin <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region>,which are all worth visiting.
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<span Arial",«sans-serif»">I have never travelling to other countries but would like to visit <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City>.
<st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:City w:st=«on»><span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">London
is one of the largest cities in the world. More then 10mln people livein London andits suburbs. Londonis a city of striking contrasts. Here one can come across the past and thepresent, the old and the modern, live side by side in mutual tolerance andrespect.<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City>,one can see architecture of different centuries and styles. It is inseparablyconnected with the history of the city. The Romans, the Saxons and the Danessettled here in turn, after them came the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:City w:st=«on»>Normans</st1:City></st1:place>,and brought the French civilisation. <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City> survived the Plague and the GreatFire, which followed in 1666. During the Fire all wooden houses were smashed tothe ground and a <st1:City w:st=«on»>New London</st1:City>, <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City> of stone with bigger houses and widerstreets was built. During the World War II, many buildings of great historicvalue lay in ruins and today the face of <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City>is changed.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Traditionally <st1:City w:st=«on»>London</st1:City> isdivided into several parts: the City, <st1:City w:st=«on»>Westminster</st1:City>,the West End and the <st1:place w:st=«on»>East End</st1:place>.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The city first started in the place, which is known asthe City. It is the Heart of London, it’s commercial and business centre. Itoccupies a territory of a square mile. During a day, it is full of people,nearly half a million people work there.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The <st1:place w:st=«on»>West End</st1:place> is therichest part of the city with its beautiful avenues, parks and gardens, grandhotels, theatres and fashionable shops. It is a symbolof wealth and luxury.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">While the City is the money of <st1:City w:st=«on»>London</st1:City>and the West End is the good of <st1:City w:st=«on»>London</st1:City>, the EastEnd is the hands of <st1:City w:st=«on»>London</st1:City>, that built the banksof the City and beautiful mansions and hotels of the <st1:place w:st=«on»>West End</st1:place>. It is a district, inhabited by the workers. There are manyfactories and the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Port</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> there.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">As for me, I cannot imagine <st1:City w:st=«on»>London</st1:City>without <st1:place w:st=«on»>Thames</st1:place>. In fact, painters and writersregard the river as the source of inspiration. Turner, Monet, Canatello painted it countless times and their impressionof the river in all seasons can be seen on the walls of museums, throughout theworld. Pope, Spensor and many other poets sang it intheir poems. The most famous books about the <st1:place w:st=«on»>Thames</st1:place>are ‘Three men in a boat’ by Jerome-k-Jerome and ‘The wind in the willows’ byK. Graham. If there had been no Thames, there would be no <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City>. It was born many centuries ago in theplace, which is known as the City. The City is not only the centre of business.It’s the burth place of <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City>. <st1:City w:st=«on»>London</st1:City>was born in the place not far from <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>St. Paul</st1:place></st1:City>’s cathedral hundreds of years before our era. Itwas called Lynn-din (the lonely port) at that time. After the Norman Conquest,it became Londinium.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">If you want to get some glimpses of <st1:City w:st=«on»>London</st1:City>,you’d better start sightseeing with the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>,that comes first among the historic buildings of the city. It was built as thefortress after the Norman invasion of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>England</st1:place></st1:country-region> in 1066. It has been usedas the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Royal</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Palace</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, as an observatory, an arsenaland a prison. For many visitors the principal attraction is the Crown Jewels,the finest precious stones of the nation.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A twenty minutes’ walk from the Tower will take you toanother historic building – <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>St. Paul</st1:place></st1:City>’sCathedral, the greatest of English churches. It was built by a famous Englisharchitect Sir Christopher Wren. <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:City w:st=«on»>St. Paul</st1:City></st1:place>’s Cathedral, with it’s famous Whispering Gallery,is considered to be a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture. In one of itstowers hangs one of the largest bells in the world – Great Paul.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Not far from Cathedral is Westminster Abbey. It wasfounded by Edward the Confessor in 1050. The best part of the Abbey is awonderful chapel, dating back to the 16th century. It is famous for itsmagnificent architecture. There are many monuments and statues there. ManyEnglish kings and queens are buried there. Since William the 1st, almost evermonarch has been crowned in this great church. One of the greatest treasures ofthe Abbey is oaken Coronation Chair made in 1300. On the south side ofWestminster Abbey is Poet’s Corner, where the greatest English writers areburied. Here also are memorials to Shakespeare, Burns, Byron, Scott and so on.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Across the road from Westminster Abbey is <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Westminster</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Palace</st1:PlaceType>,which is spread magnificently on the north bank of the <st1:place w:st=«on»>Thames</st1:place>.
It isa remarkable example of Gothicarchitecture.<span Arial",«sans-serif»">
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">The
Tower ofLondon<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><img src="/cache/referats/21908/image007.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028">
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> has a veryinteresting story behind it. It was begun by a man who was not even English,William of Normandy. At the time he was the cousin of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>England</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s KindEdward. It all started because William became outraged when Edward backed downon his promise to give the throne to William and ended up giving the throne tohis English brother-in-law, Harold. William sailed his army across the EnglishChannel to conquer <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>England</st1:place></st1:country-region>.On October 14, 1066, he met Harold at <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Hastings</st1:place></st1:City>and conquered him. On Christmas Day later that year, William — now calledWilliam the conqueror — was crowned King of England. Immediately after Williamtook over as king, he built forts everywhere. One stood in the southeasterncorner of <st1:City w:st=«on»>London</st1:City>, near an old Roman wall on thenorth bank of the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Thames</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. William orderedthat this fort be removed in 1078 to be replaced by a huge stone stronghold.This would be the «symbol of his power, a fortress for his defense, and aprison for his enemies». (Fisher, 1987) He named it the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Tower was finished twenty years later, risingnearly one hundred feet high, with its walls fifteen feet thick in certainplaces. Inside was a chapel, apartments, guardrooms, and crypts. The Tower wasprotected by a wide ditch, a new stone wall, the old Roman wall, and the river.This was done to secure the fact that this tower was a prison that no prisonerwould escape from.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The Bishop of Durham was probably the Tower's firstdistinguished prisoner. He was very fat, greedy, and unpopular. He was draggedto the prison by his brother with his servants and bags of money. But theBishop lived very well inside the Tower because he could bribe the guards withgold. One night in February,1101, he gave a huge banquet with a lot of food andliquor. When he had gotten the guards very drunk, he pushed his bags through awindow and slid down a rope to freedom.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Around the year 1240, King Henry III made this towerhis home. He whitewashed the tower, widened the grounds to include a church, agreat hall, and other buildings. He renamed the entire new area the <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName>,and renamed the Tower the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>White</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. Although the towerwas still a prison, Henry had turned the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>White</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>into a breathtaking palace. He entertained many important visitors, many ofwhich came with animals as gifts. Near the drawbridge of the tower, Henry builtthe <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Lion</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, a zoo where visitors would begreeted with roaring beasts. Here is a map of the tower.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In 1377, when Richard II was king, the Tower continuedto be a stronghold. But four years later, on June <st1:metricconverter ProductID=«14, a» w:st=«on»>14, a</st1:metricconverter> group of overtaxedfarmers stormed the Tower. Richard and his brothers safely hid themselvesinside. But the farmers found the Archbishop of <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Canterbury</st1:place></st1:City>, the Royal Treasurer, a taxofficial, and a doctor. These men were taken to Tower Hill where their headswhere chopped off. Richard later made peace with these farmers. The leader ofthe farmers, Wat Tyler, was beheaded. Richard waseventually thrown into a Tower dungeon, where he was forced to give up thethrone to Henry IV.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Several monarchs died in the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>.One was thirteen-year-old King Edward V. When his father, King Edward IV died,his uncle Richard, the Duke of Gloucester, plotted to take the throne forhimself. Richard had the thirteen-year-old king and his younger brother, theDuke of York, taken to the tower. Lord Hastings, a royal officer, tried toprotect Edward, but was unsuccessful. <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Hastings</st1:place></st1:City>'head was chopped off on the Tower Green, and Edward and his brother weremurdered. These murders most likely took place in the <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Garden</st1:PlaceType><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType>, which was later renamed the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Bloody</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Since the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> was sodangerous, King Henry VII formed a personal bodyguard. Henry moved into theTower in 1485 after killing Richard III in a battle. His protectors were calledthe Yeoman Warders, who to this day still guard the tower. King Henry was avery frugal man. He seldom gave parties and tried very hard to avoid war, whichboth cost a lot of money.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">After the death of Henry VII, the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>was never again used to house an English queen or king. The dungeon was stillused to hold <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>England</st1:place></st1:country-region>'senemies, and the Tower was still used for many celebrations. The marriage ofKing Henry VIII to his second wife, Anne Boleyn, took place at the Tower on May19, <st1:metricconverter ProductID=«1533. A» w:st=«on»>1533. A</st1:metricconverter>huge party was thrown for the next 11 days at the Tower, topped off with anenormous feast.
<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">But the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> was not alwaysa place of celebration. On May 19, 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed under Henry'sorders at the Tower Green. Anne had been accused of misconduct, but the plaintruth was that she had born a daughter rather than a son, who would become afuture king of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>England</st1:place></st1:country-region>.This daughter was Elizabeth I, who would later become the Queen of England. <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Elizabeth</st1:place></st1:City> was heldprisoner in the Tower for two months by the order of her half sister, QueenMary. Mary felt that her throne was being threatened by <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Elizabeth</st1:place></st1:City>, so she imprisoned her in theTower. If you look really carefully, you can see Anne Boleyn's Ghost about thetower. She will tell you about the royalty.
<st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»><span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Elizabeth
was innocent, and people knew it, leading to a public outcry. Elizabeth was released on May 19, 1554 (ironically, May 19was the day on which Anne Boleyn was married and killed, and the same day that Elizabeth was releasedfrom jail.) In 1558, Elizabeth became the queenof England.She spent three days on her coronation in the Tower, to symbolize that it washer duty to «take possession» of it as the royal monarch of England.(Fisher, 1987) On January 15, 1559, she left in a festive parade to be crownedat Westminster Abby. Elizabethwould never return to the Tower.<span Arial",«sans-serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">In 1603, part of the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>became a museum. King James I had ordered that the royal jewels be kept in theTower Jewel House and be put on display for the Tower visitors. Though itsroots trace back to a non-Englishman, the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>has had a very interesting place in English history. It has been the sight ofmurders, marriages, uproars, museums, and zoos. But the <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Tower</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>London</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>will always be remembered as a «symbol of royal power, a fortress for themonarch, and a prison for the monarch's enemies».
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">Conclusion
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<span Tahoma",«sans-serif»; color:black;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Many people like traveling and I am noexception to the rule. Some people like to travel in winter, but most of themprefer to go travelling in summer, when it is warmand the sun is shining brightly. There are people who like to travel by trainor by air. In this way they cover large distances and see the far-off places.If a person likes the sea he decides upon a sea-voyage. Nowadays young peopletravel on foot and like to go to the woods or to the mountains. On a trip byair you dont see much, but you save a lot of time. Ifyou go by train, you get acquainted with new regions. A sea-voyage is verypleasant if the sea is calm. The passengers enjoy watching the sea, which isalways ever so beautiful. Many people travel all around our country by car. Ibelieve that travelling is one of the best pleasuresin the world.
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<span Times New Roman",«serif»">Literature
<span Times New Roman",«serif»">
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">1.Encyclopedia Britanica 2006
<span Arial",«sans-serif»">2.The official site
TheTower of London<span Arial",«sans-serif»">3.
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www.ronl.ru
, самого массового в мире — пять миллионов читателей — журнала для путешественников
(лицензия American Express), по своему заявленному позиционированию рассчитанная на элитарных российских путешественников, также как и аналогичный продукт этого же издательства (СК-Пресс) —
. Оба журнала редактировались одним редактором и были закрыты из-за изменения в конъюнктуре туристической отрасли, невзирая на позитивную реакцию в профессиональной среде на литературную и визуальную составляющие обоих изданий.
Изначально нью-йоркский журнал был запущен в 1937 году под названием U.S. Camera and Travel. В 1968 году был приобретён компанией American Express. В период 1969—1971 выходил под названием Travel & Camera и в 1971 году переименован в Travel + Leisure[6][7], что ознаменовало перенос акцента с фото-ряда на утилитарную информацию для потребителей-туристов.
Начиная с августа 1995 года журнал публикует свой собственный рейтинг авиакомпаний, компаний по аренде автомобилей, гостиниц и курортов World’s Best Awards (рейтинг формируется по опросам читателей)[8][9][10].
Помимо России, журнал издавался/издаётся в ряде других регионов[11][12]:
Журнал публиковал очерки о поездках писателей и публицистов, имеющих блистательную литературную репутацию. Их авторское видение позволяло читателям по-новому взглянуть на те места, которые, казалось бы, уже изучены, получить уникальные впечатления от экзотических маршрутов и самых интересных видов путешествий[23].
Позднее, благодаря успешному опыту Fly&Drive, издательство получило лицензии и на ряд консьюмерских американских журналов (Seventeen и In Style).В России Travel+Leisure издавался (под названием Travel+Leisure/Russian Edition) с сентября 2003 года тиражом 50 000 экз.[24] и распространялся в основном по подписке и базе держателей карточек American Express.
Объём: от 96 до 144 полос. Формат: 220х297 (А4). Периодичность: 10 номеров в год.
Американский журнал получал премии Общества дизайнеров (Society of Publication Designers) десять раз в период с 1993 по 2005 годы[25].
В значительной степени был своего рода ежемесячным справочником для туристов.
Главная особенность этого издания (также как и российского аналога Fly&Drive): на его страницах социально-значимые персонажи делились своими впечатлениями именно как путешественники. К работе над номерами российская редакция привлекала известных авторов и знаменитых фотографов (Владимира Клавихо, Александра Тягны-Рядно, etc.), которые подробно делились своим опытом путешественников. Киновед Кирилл Разлогов, издатель Владимир Григорьев, банкир Пётр Авен, певец Александр Градский, журналист Дмитрий Быков, актёр Максим Суханов — все они регулярно публиковали отчёты о своих поездках вне контекста их профессиональной деятельности.
Именно на этом в своё время и была построена концепция американского издания: знаменитости как туристы.
Дело в том, что в Российской Федерации ещё недостаточно развит рынок частных туристических поездок: люди предпочитают ездить в Турцию или в Европу, но с гидом. Поэтому нет необходимости в крупном количестве журналов о туризме.
bukvasha.ru
План Введение 1 История 2 Российская версия 3 Кредо 4 Финал
Список литературы Travel + Leisure
Введение
«Travel+Leisure Россия» — российская версия[1], самого массового в мире — пять миллионов читателей — журнала для путешественников Travel+Leisure [2][3] (лицензия American Express), по своему заявленному позиционированию рассчитанная на элитарных российских путешественников, также как и аналогичный продукт этого же издательства (СК-Пресс) — Fly&Drive [4][5]. Оба журнала редактировались одним редактором и были закрыты из-за изменения в конъюнктуре туристической отрасли, невзирая на позитивную реакцию в профессиональной среде на литературную и визуальную составляющие обоих изданий.
1. История
В США журнал выходит 12 раз в год. Издательство American Express Publishing также выпускает журналы Executive Travel, Food & Wine (основан в 1978 году, специализация — рецепты), Travel + Leisure Golf (для инересующихся гольфом, закрыт в начале 2009 года), Travel + Leisure Family и Departures (адресован резидентам США, держателям платиновых карт American Express и карт т. н. «чёрной серии» той же компании — Centurion Card ). Американское издание на протяжении нескольких десятилетий возглавляет известная в туристической отрасли журналистка Нэнси Новогрод.
Изначально нью-йоркский журнал был запущен в 1937 году под названием U.S. Camera and Travel. В 1968 году был приобретён компанией American Express. В период 1969—1971 выходил под названием Travel & Camera и в 1971 году переименован в Travel + Leisure [6][7], что ознаменовало перенос акцента с фото-ряда на утилитарную информацию для потребителей-туристов.
Начиная с августа 1995 года журнал публикует свой собственный рейтинг авиакомпаний, компаний по аренде автомобилей, гостиниц и курортов World’s Best Awards (рейтинг формируется по опросам читателей)[8][9][10].
Помимо России, журнал издавался/издаётся в ряде других регионов[11][12]:
· Австралии и Новой Зеландии (Travel + Leisure Australia/ New Zealand ) c октября 2005 года[13],
· Китае (Travel + Leisure China ) [14] c октября 2005 года [15],
· Мексике (Travel + Leisure Mexico )[16] c октября 2002 года [17],
· Турции (Travel + Leisure Turkey ) c октября 2005 года[18],
· Юго-Восточной Азии (Travel + Leisure Southeast Asia )[19] c декабря 2007 года[20][21],
· Южной Азии (Travel + Leisure South Asia ) c сентября 2006 года[22].
Основной конкурент на международной арене — журнал Conde Nast Traveler.
2. Российская версия
Чтобы получить у американского лицензира право на издание одного из самых тиражных мировых ежемесячников, издательство СК-Пресс реализовало в 2002 году собственный проект — журнал Fly&Drive, качество которого было расценено заокеанскими партерами как удовлетворяющее стандартом элитарного журнала для путешественников.
Журнал публиковал очерки о поездках писателей и публицистов, имеющих блистательную литературную репутацию. Их авторское видение позволяло читателям по-новому взглянуть на те места, которые, казалось бы, уже изучены, получить уникальные впечатления от экзотических маршрутов и самых интересных видов путешествий[23].
Позднее, благодаря успешному опыту Fly&Drive, издательство получило лицензии и на ряд консьюмерских американских журналов (Seventeen и In Style).
В России Travel+Leisure издавался (под названием Travel+Leisure/Russian Edition) с сентября 2003 года тиражом 50 000 экз.[24] и распространялся в основном по подписке и базе держателей карточек American Express.
Объём: от 96 до 144 полос. Формат: 220х297 (А4). Периодичность: 10 номеров в год.
3. Кредо
Travel+Leisure специализировался на детальном и корректном описании предлагаемых маршрутов: каждый материал дополнялся подробной, тщательно проверенной утилитарной справочной информацией. Был «ориентирован на любознательных, готовых воспринимать новое и легких на подъем» .
Американский журнал получал премии Общества дизайнеров (Society of Publication Designers ) десять раз в период с 1993 по 2005 годы[25].
В значительной степени был своего рода ежемесячным справочником для туристов.
Главная особенность этого издания (также как и российского аналога Fly&Drive ): на его страницах социально-значимые персонажи делились своими впечатлениями именно как путешественники. К работе над номерами российская редакция привлекала известных авторов и знаменитых фотографов (Владимира Клавихо, Александра Тягны-Рядно, etc.), которые подробно делились своим опытом путешественников. Киновед Кирилл Разлогов, издатель Владимир Григорьев, банкир Пётр Авен, певец Александр Градский, журналист Дмитрий Быков, актёр Максим Суханов — все они регулярно публиковали отчёты о своих поездках вне контекста их профессиональной деятельности.
Именно на этом в своё время и была построена концепция американского издания: знаменитости как туристы.
4. Финал
Концепцию образца 2005 года разработала главный редактор Марина Леско. Материалы российского аналога Fly&Drive были заметными, доказательством чему служит то, что они регулярно публиковались (как перепечатки) в других изданиях[26][27][28]. Однако издательский опыт показал, что в рамках одного издательства неосмысленно производить два конкурирующих продукта. И в начале 2006 года издатель журнала Евгений Ю. Додолев принял решение о санации ежемесячника Fly&Drive, невзирая на качество данного медиапродукта. «Travel+Leisure» был закрыт в 2007 году[29][30][31]. Эксперты комментировали закрытие журнала[29]:
Дело в том, что в Российской Федерации ещё недостаточно развит рынок частных туристических поездок: люди предпочитают ездить в Турцию или в Европу, но с гидом. Поэтому нет необходимости в крупном количестве журналов о туризме.
Список литературы:
1. участник выставки Путешествия и Туризм Осе… — TRAVEL + LEISURE, ЖУРНАЛ
2. Журнал Travel+Leisure — Атлас центральной прессы Медиа Атлас
3. Travel + Leisure, реклама в прессе Travel + Leisure, аудитория
4. FLY & DRIVE журнал — сайт, редакция, адрес, тираж, реклама и др
5. Журнал FLY & DRIVE — Luxury Travel Magazine
6. Travel + Leisure Magazine and Website from American Express Publishing — PR.com
7. How To Pitch: Travel + Leisure — mediabistro.com Content
8. МЕГЕДО " Blog Archive " Названы лучшие отели мира от Travel + Leisure
9. Лучшие отели, острова, авиакомпании и круизы от журнала «Travel&Leisure» — Каталог отелей — TURIZM.RU
10. Журнал Travel&Leisure назвал 500 лучших отелей / Канада: Гостиницы / Travel.Ru
11. Журнал Travel + Leisure и сайт | Заметки НЕиммигранта об Испании
12. Список лучших 45 отелей опубликован в июньском выпуске Travel and Leisure — Туристические новости на 100 дорог
13. www.tlmediakit.com/downloads/internationalsellsaustralia.pdf
14. Bam | Nature Is An Idea | 自然是个概念
15. www.tlmediakit.com/downloads/internationalsellschina.pdf
16. Kate Joynes-Burgess
17. www.tlmediakit.com/downloads/internationalsellsmexico.pdf
18. www.tlmediakit.com/downloads/internationalsellsturkey.pdf
19. Bangkok is No.3 in Travel + Leisure Survey — Nationmultimedia.com
20. www.tlmediakit.com/downloads/internationalsellsseasia.pdf
21. Outdoor’s & Nature > Sports & Travel Magazines > Magazine Subscriptions | Buy Online @ Indiatimes Shopping
22. www.tlmediakit.com/downloads/internationalsellssouthasia.pdf
23. FLY&DRIVE — журнал «FLY&DRIVE»
24. Журнал Travel+Leisure/RE
25. I.D. — Annual Design Review Winners 2004
26. Газета «Новый Взгляд»
27. Газета «Новый Взгляд»
28. Газета «Новый Взгляд»
29. СК Пресс останется без путешествий
30. www.russmi.ru/bulletin/magazines/2382.shtml
31. «СК Пресс» останется без путешествий. ИД закрывает журнал Travel+Leisure
Источник: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_+_Leisure
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