History of London
London is the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom. It is the most populous region of the country. Its history dates back over 2,000 years. During this time the city has underwent numerous outbreaks of plague, civil war, devastating fire, terrorist attacks and bombardments. Nevertheless, it has become one of the most beautiful, financially and culturally significant capitals in the world.
The official history of London begins around AD 43. At that time, it was a civilian town (Londinium), established by the Romans shortly after their invasion. In around AD 60 London was destroyed by the Iceni tribe. The city continued to grow normally after this conquest and soon Londinium’s population was almost 30,000. During the 2nd century the city was at its height. With the population of 60,000 it became the capital of Brittania. The Roman occupation of London became to an end by the 5th century.
Certain archaeological excavations prove that Anglo-Saxon settlement of the city began as early as in the 5th or 6th century. It was then known as Lundenwic. While early Anglo-Saxon London belonged to Middle Saxons, by the 7th century it became the East Saxons’ kingdom. In the 650s King Sigeberht II established the Christianity in the kingdom. The 9th century was marked by frequent Viking attacks. By 1066 London was under the Norman regime. It was the time when the first stone castle in the country was built to replace a wooden fortification. The most important of these fortresses was the Tower of London. Many remarkable constructions were built during Norman and Medieval periods. For example, in 1097 the son of William the Conqueror started the building of Westminster Palace. The first bridge through the river Thames was built in 1176. Middle Age London was marked by a steady trade growth.
London has survived series of tragic events. Thus, in 1348 England suffered from Bubonic Plague, brought from the continent. One third of the city population was killed by this illness. In 1381 London was stormed by angry peasants, who set fire to lots of buildings. This event is recorded in history as the Peasants’ Revolt. Until 1665 there were 15 more outbreaks of Plague. The year 1666 brought another calamity – the Great Fire, which destroyed almost entire London. This incident has forced citizens to move outside the walls of the city, which led to the city extension. By 1700 London has become the largest city in Europe with the population of 600,000.
By the 19th century the number of inhabitants reached 1 million. By that time London had become an artistic capital, which is reflected in many posh areas of the city. In the middle of the 19th century, due to potato famine, thousands of Irish refugees moved to London. In 1851 the First World Fair, also known as the Great Exhibition, was held in Hyde Park. This event was a tremendous success. It brought large amounts of money, which were later used to build the greatest museums of the city: the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum.
By 1900 the population of London has reached 6 million people. The city was extensively bombed during the World War II. More than 35,000 people were killed and injured. In 1948 London hosted Summer Olympics. After the 1960s it has become an epicenter of youth culture.
История Лондона
Лондон является столицей Англии и Соединенного Королевства. Это самый густонаселенный регион страны. Его история насчитывает более 2000 лет. За это время город подвергался многочисленным вспышкам чумы, гражданской войне, разрушительному пожару, терактам и обстрелам. Тем не менее, он превратился в один из самых красивых, финансово и культурно значимых столиц в мире.
Официальная история Лондона начинается около 43 года нашей эры. В то время, это был гражданский город (Лондиниум), созданный римлянами вскоре после их вторжения. Примерно в 60 г. н.э. Лондон был разрушен племенем Ицены. Город продолжал нормально развиваться после этого завоевания, и вскоре население Лондиниума достигло почти 30,000. Во 2-ом веке город был в самом разгаре своего развития. С населением в 60,000 он стал столицей Бриттании. Римская оккупация Лондона подошла к концу в 5-м веке.
Некоторые археологические раскопки доказывают, что англо-саксонское заселение города началось уже в 5 или 6 веке. Затем он стал известен как Люнденвик. Если сначала англосаксонский Лондон принадлежал средним саксам, то в 7 веке он стал королевством восточных саксов. В 650-е годы король Сигеберт II учредил в королевстве христианство. В 9 веке стали частыми нападения викингов. К 1066 году Лондон был под игом Нормандцев. В это время в стране был построен первый каменный замок для замены деревянных фортификаций. Наиболее важным из этих крепостей был Лондонский Тауэр. Многие знаменательные сооружения были построены в Нормандский и средневековый периоды. Например, в 1097 году сын Вильгельма Завоевателя начал строительство Вестминстерского дворца. Первый мост через реку Темза был построен в 1176 году. В средние века в Лондоне отмечался устойчивый рост торговли.
Лондон пережил серию трагических событий. Так, например, в 1348 году Англия страдала от бубонной чумы, завезенной с континента. Треть населения города пала жертвой этой болезни. В 1381 году Лондон штурмовали разгневанные крестьяне, которые подожгли большое количество зданий. Это событие зафиксировано в истории, как Крестьянский бунт. До 1665 года было еще 15 вспышек чумы. 1666 год принес еще одну беду – Великий пожар, который уничтожил почти весь Лондон. Этот инцидент заставил граждан переехать за стены города, что привело к расширению города. К 1700 году Лондон стал крупнейшим городом в Европе с населением в 600,000.
К 19 веку число жителей возросло до 1 миллиона. К этому времени Лондон стал художественным центром, что отражено во многих богатых районов города. В середине 19-го века, в связи с картофельным голодом, тысячи ирландских беженцев переехали в Лондон. В 1851 году Первая мировая ярмарка, также известная как Великая выставка, прошла в Гайд-парке. Это событие имело огромный успех. Оно принесло большие суммы денег, которые впоследствии были использованы для создания самых значимых музеев города: Музей естественной истории, Музей науки, Музей Виктории и Альберта.
К 1900 году население Лондона достигло 6 миллионов человек. Во время Второй мировой войны город подвергался множественным бомбардировкам. Более 35,000 человек были убиты и ранены. В 1948 году в Лондоне состоялись летние Олимпийские игры. После 1960-х годов он стал эпицентром молодежной культуры.
см. также: Все рефераты на английском языке с переводом
www.sdamna5.ru
МБОУ СОШ №5 п. Тавричанка Надеждинского района Приморского края
Реферат.
ТЕМА: LONDON SIGHTSEEING TOUR.
Выполнила: Захарова Анастасия, ученица 5 «А» класса.
Руководитель: Королевская И.В.
The subject of my discussion is «London sightseeing tour». I’ve chosen this topic because it is actual, cognitive and very interesting. I have never been to England. My dream is to visit this remarkable country and to see all sights of London.
Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Irene. I’m glad to see you. Today I am your guide around London and I’ll try to do my best.
All right, so we are on a visit to London. First of all, you should visit the City. It is the business part of London where the big banks and offices are situated. That’s where the center of the city is, and it is from there that London started growing.
The district includes the Tower of London. The Tower was the Royal residence throughout the Middle Ages and a prison, too. In the courtyard you will see the scaffold and the ravens hopping about it on the green. There’s a superstition that the British Empire will come to an end when the ravens leave the Tower. And they don’t trust the birds much: their wings are clipped. I have read about that somewhere. A curious way of demonstrating eternity… The Tower was built in ten eighty-seven. It was built by William the Conqueror. Now the Tower is a museum and holds the crown jewels and other treasures.
If you visit the Tower, you shouldn’t miss Tower Bridge – its close by. It is one of the finest bridges spanning the Thames. It was built at the close of the nineteenth century.
In the City, too, is St. Paul’s Cathedral. I was told it is a fine example of the classical style. And it is the crowning achievement of English architect, Christopher Wren. The Cathedral was one of the highest buildings in the world before the skyscrapers.
By the way another work of Wren’s is the Monument. It’s a column commemorating the Great Fire of London, sixteen sixty-six. It has been erected near the spot where the fire started. An interior staircase leads to the very top of the column. You get a good view of the city from there.
If you care for painting you ought to visit the National Gallery. Canvases by contemporary artists are exhibited in this Gallery.
But there is a lot to be seen in London besides the museums. Take the Houses of Parliament. It dates from eighteen fifty-two.
In one of the towers of the buildings is the Big Ben- that famous tower clock. It can be seen from afar.
You can take a guided tour to Buckingham Palace. They have the Changing of the Guard in front of the Palace. I was told it is the most picturesque sight.
I suggest you to visit Trafalgar Square where the column of Admiral Nelson is situated.
And where one go to listen to an opera or to see a ballet performance?
Opera performances are chiefly given in the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden.
It is famous for the great singers that have appeared on its stage.
Sadler’s Wells Theatre is well-known, too. It stages both opera and ballet. I advise you to go first to the Royal Theatre in Drury Land. It is the best theatre staging drama in London.
As you can see London is a wonderful city! There are many sights in London. The city is worth to visit.
Well, that seems to be all – if you take main things. And above all, I haven’t told you anything about the Londoners….. But if you visit London, you’ll get acquainted with them yourself.
nsportal.ru
Лондон – столица Великобритании, ее политический, экономический и культурный центр, а также один из крупнейших городов мира. Население Лондона составляет более 11 миллионов человек. Лондон расположен на реке Темзa. Этот старинный и красивый город был основан более двух тысяч лет назад. Традиционно Лондон делится на несколько частей: Сити, Вестминстер, Вест-Энд и Ист-Сити -старейшая часть Лондона, его финансовый и коммерческий центр. Вестминстер – это аристократическая деловая частьЛондона, oна включает Букингемский дворец, где живет королева и где расположено здание Парламента.
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than 11 million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old and beautiful. It was founded more than two thousand years ago. Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City, the Westminster, the West End and the East End. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre.
Вест-Энд – место проживания богатых людей, самая красивая часть Лондона, здесь расположены самые лучшие отели, рестораны, маrазины, клyбы, парки и дома. Ист-Энд – промышленный район Лондона, в этом районе расположено много фабрик, а так же Лондонский порт.
The Westminster is the aristocratic official part of London. It includes Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament is situated. The West End is the part where rich people live. It is the most beautiful part of London. The best hotels, restaurants, shops, clubs, parks and houses are situated there. The East End is an industrial district of London. There are many factories and the Port of London there.
В Лондоне много достопримечательностей. Одно из них – здание Парламента, где располагается британское правительство. Здесь можно увидеть знаменитые башенные часы Биг Бен – символ Лондона. Биг Бен – это настоящий колокол, который отбивает каждую четверть часа. Другая достопримечательность Лондона – Букингемский дворец, это резиденция королевы.
London has many places of interest. One of them is the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Government. There one can see the famous Clock Tower Big Ben, the symbol of London. Big Ben is the real bell which strikes every quarter of an hour. Another place of interest is Buckingham Palace. It’s the residence of the Queen. Tourists always go to see the ceremony of changing the Guard there.
В Лондоне много других интересных мест: Трафальгарская площадь, Риджентс-парк, Вестминстерское аббатство и, конечно же, Британский музей. Проходя no Тауэрскому мосту, вы сразу видите лондонский Тауэр. Это самое старое здание города. Много столетий назад это была крепость, затем королевский дворец, а потом -тюрьма. Теперь это оружейный музей.
There are many other places of interest in London: Trafalgar Square, Regent’s Park, Westminster Abbey and, of course, the British Museum. Crossing the river by the Tower Bridge you can see the Tower of London. It is one of the oldest buildings of the city. Many centuries ago it was а fortress, а royal palace and then а prison. Now it is а museum of arms.
В Лондоне много красивых площадей. Некоторые из них тихие, а другие – очень шумные, как например, Трафальгарская площадь. Трафальгарская площадь – это центральная площадь города. Справа от площади находится Национальная галерея, в которой находится бoгатая коллекция европейской живописи.
London has many fine squares. Some of them are quiet, others are busy like Trafalgar Square. Trafalgar Square is the central square of the city. To the right of the square there is the National Gallery which has а fine соllесtion of European paintings. St. Paul’s Cathedral is the biggest English church. Another famous church is Westminster Abbey where kings, queens, and many famous people are buried.
Собор святого Павла — это самый большой собор в Англии. Еще один известный собор -это Вестминстерское аббатство, где похоронены коронованные особы и много известных людей.
Лондон также знаменит своими красивыми парками. Гайд-парк – самый демократичный парк в мире, поскольку там любой может сказать все, что он хочет. Лондонский зоопарк находится в Риджентс-парке.
Невозможно описать все достопримечательности. Лучший способ узнать Лондон – пoсетить его!
London is also famous for its beautiful parks. Hyde Park is the most democratic park in the world, as anyone can say anything he likes there. Regent’s Park is the home of London Zoo.It’s impossible to describe аll the places of interest. The best way to know London is to visit it.
english-from-england.ru
Про Лондон говорят, что это место, куда человек едет, чтобы вернуться более печальным и мудрым и, возможно, пересмотреть свои идеалы. Этому городу идет одиночество. Люди на улицах, окутанные его таинственным шармом, уходят в туман и растворяются в нем. Деньги — в Нью-Йорке, бордели — в Париже, но идеалы — идеалы только в Лондоне.
The West End is full of the historical palaces as well as the famous parks. Hyde Park with its Speaker's Corner, Kensington Gardens, St. James's Park. In the West End is Buckingham Palace. Which is the Queen's residence, and the Palace of Westminster which is the seat of Parliament. If you are in this part of the city you just have to visit the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, the famous Tower Clock Big Ben, the symbol of London, St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of English churches and The Grave of the Unknown Warrior.
In The East End you can find a great number of factories, workshops and docks. For example, St. Katharine's Dock, close to Tower Bridge, is now an attractive marina surrounded by wine bars and restaurants. The East End is in many ways the "real" London. Those who live in the East End are often called Cockneys, i. e. true Londoners. They have got their own peculiar dialect and accent.
It’s impossible to describe all places of interest and the best way to know London is to visit it.
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Buckingham Palace |
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Buckingham Palace is the official residence of Queen Elizabeth. It is located near Green Park. When the Queen is in the residence, the Royal Standard flies over Buckingham Palace.
There are 775 rooms where members of the Royal family and their servants live. There are also rooms for guests. There are offices, on-site post and even swimming pool in the palace.
Throughout the year right in front of Buckingham Palace the ceremony of the Changing of the Guard takes place, attracting a lot of tourists. |
The Tower of London |
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The Tower of London is one of the main London's places of interest. It is located on the north bank of the River Thames and is one of the oldest buildings.
At different times the Tower was used as a royal residence, fortress, prison, mint and, even, zoo. Today the Tower of London is the place where the Crown Jewels are kept.
Every day its doors are open for tourists. A few black ravens live on its territory. The walls of the Tower are still guarded by palace guard in historical outfits. |
Trafalgar Square |
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Trafalgar Square is located in the centre of London. It was named after the victory in the Battle of Trafalgar. In the centre of the square there is Nelson's column with four lions at the bottom of it.
There are beautiful fountains in the square. Some famous buildings, such as the National Gallery, St. Martin-in-the-fields and Admiralty Arch, are also located there.
The square is the place where a lot of different events and celebrations are held. |
Hyde Park |
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Hyde Park is a big park located in central London. Today it is a popular place for meetings, celebrations and festivals.
The park is known for its artificial lake Serpentine where it is allowed to swim. There is a gallery, a museum and several sculptures on the territory of Hyde Park.
During the Olympic Games 2012 Hyde Park was the place where some competitions were held. |
St. Paul's Cathedral |
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St. Paul's Cathedral is located at the highest point of the City of London, Ludgate Hill. The Cathedral was seriously damaged during the Great Fire of London. It was redesigned by Christopher Wren, a famous architect.
There are three Galleries and 17 bells in the Cathedral. The largest bell is called Great Paul. The funerals of a lot of notable figures have occured at the cathedral. |
The British Museum |
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The British Museum is one of the largest museums in the world. It was founded in the XVIII century and in the XIX century it was already divided into different departments.
The museum houses large collections of artefacts representing different cultures of the world, both ancient and modern.
So, there is the Department of coins and medals, the Department of prints and drawings, the Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan and many others. |
The London Eye |
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The London Eye is one the largest Ferris wheels in Europe. Unforgettable views of the city open from its height of 135 metres.
The wheel consists of 32 air-conditioned capsules which symbolize 32 boroughs of London. The London Eye rotates with the speed of 0,9 km/hour. The ride takes 30 minutes. The wheel looks like a big bicycle wheel. |
Oxford Street |
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Oxford Street is a lively shopping street located in the centre of London. There are hundreds of shops in this street. The street is 1,9 km long. It is one of the busiest commercial streets in Europe.
During Christmas time Oxford Street is decorated with lots of lights and garlands making it one of the most popular destinations for tourists. |
Westminster |
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Westminster is a historical area of central London with several famous landmarks.
Westminster Abbey, a Gothic church, is located there. The church is a traditional place of coronation and burial site for all British kings and queens.
Not far from the church there is the Palace of Westminster which is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. |
Big Ben |
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Big Ben is the name of the Great bell of the clock at the Palace of Westminster. Nowadays this name mostly refers to the clock and the clock tower.
In 2012 the tower was renamed to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of the Queen and is now officially known as the Elizabeth Tower.
The height of the tower is 96,3 metres. Big Ben is one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom. |
Букингемский дворец |
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Букингемский дворец – официальная резиденция королевы Елизаветы. Он находится рядом с Грин-парком. Когда королева внутри, над Букингемским дворцом развевается королевский штандарт.
В нем 775 комнат, где живут члены королевской семьи и их прислуга. Там также есть комнаты для гостей. Во дворце есть офисы, внутренняя почта и даже бассейн.
В течение всего года перед Букингемским дворцом проходит церемония смены караула, привлекающая множество туристов. |
Лондонский Тауэр |
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Лондонский Тауэр – одна из главных достопримечательностей Лондона. Он находится на северном берегу Темзы и является одним из старейших зданий.
В разное время Тауэр использовался как резиденция королей, крепость, тюрьма, монетный двор и даже зоопарк. Сегодня Лондонский Тауэр – место, где хранятся королевские драгоценности.
Каждый день его двери открыты для туристов. На его территории живут несколько черных воронов. Стены Тауэра до сих пор охраняются королевской стражей в исторических костюмах. |
Трафальгарская площадь |
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Трафальгарская площадь находится в центре Лондона. Она была названа в честь победы в Трафальгарской битве. В центре площади стоит памятник адмиралу Нельсону с 4 львами у его основания.
На площади есть красивые фонтаны. Некоторые известные здания, такие как Национальная галерея, церковь Святого Мартина в полях и Арка Адмиралтейства, также расположены здесь.
Площадь является местом проведения многочисленных мероприятий и празднований. |
Гайд-парк |
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Гайд-парк – большой парк, расположенный в центре Лондона. Сегодня это популярное место для встреч, празднований и фестивалей.
Парк знаменит своим искусственным озером Серпентайн, в котором разрешено плавать. На территории Гайд-парка расположены галерея, музей и несколько скульптур.
Во время Олимпийских игр 2012 года Гайд-парк стал местом проведения некоторых соревнований. |
Собор Святого Павла |
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Собор Святого Павла находится на самой высокой точке Лондона, Ладгейт Хилл. Во время Великого пожара в Лондоне собор очень сильно пострадал. Он был реконструирован Кристофером Реном, знаменитым архитектором.
В нем есть 3 галереи и 17 колоколов. Самый большой колокол называется Большой Пол. В соборе проходили похороны многих знаменитых личностей. |
Британский музей |
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Британский музей – один из крупнейших музеев мира. Он был основан в XVIII веке, а в XIX – уже был поделен на разные отделы.
В музее собраны обширные коллекции предметов, представляющих разные культуры мира – как древние, так и современные.
Так, там есть нумизматический отдел, отдел гравюр и полотен, отдел культуры Древнего Египта и Судана и многие другие. |
Лондонский глаз |
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Лондонский глаз – одно из крупнейших колес обозрения в Европе. С его высоты в 135 метров открывается незабываемый вид на город.
Колесо состоит из 32 капсул с кондиционером, символизирующих 32 района Лондона. Лондонский глаз вращается со скоростью 0,9 км/ч. Вся поездка занимает 30 минут. Колесо выглядит, как большое колесо велосипеда. |
Оксфорд-стрит |
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Оксфорд-стрит – оживленная торговая улица, расположенная в центре Лондона. На улице расположены сотни магазинов. Длина улицы составляет 1,9 км. Это одна из самых оживленных торговых улиц в Европе.
Во время Рождества Оксфорд-стрит украшают огнями и гирляндами, а сама улица становится одним из самых популярных туристических мест. |
Вестминстер |
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Вестминстер – исторический район в центре Лондона, где расположены несколько известных достопримечательностей.
Здесь находится Вестминстерское аббатство – готическая церковь. Церковь является традиционным местом коронации и захоронения всех британских королей и королев.
Недалеко от церкви находится Вестминстерский дворец, где проводят свои заседания Палата общин и Палата лордов. |
Биг-Бен |
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Биг-Бен – это название большого колокола на часах Вестминстерского дворца. Сегодня это название, в основном, относится к часам и часовой башне.
В 2012 году башня была переименована в честь празднования бриллиантового юбилея королевы и сейчас официально известна как башня Елизаветы.
Высота башни – 96,3 метра. Биг-Бен является одним из самых знаменитых символов Соединенного Королевства. |
www.interactive-english.ru
Для начала напишу пару слов на русском языке! Тема “Лондон” (London) – наверное, одна из самых любимых тем школьных учителей английского языка. Ведь Лондон – колыбель Англии, жемчужина страны Шекспира. Но почему-то в Интернете все сочинения на эту тему идентичны. Списал такое сочинение и получил заслуженную двойку, максимум тройку 🙂 Предлагаю оригинальное сочинение! В добрый путь!
All books about London usually starts with the same phrase: “The capital of Great Britain is London”. Of course, it is true. This fact knows practically everybody. But there are also so many other interesting and marvellous information about London. For me London is a dream city, a city which I want to visit one day.
Obviously, London is a great place to see. The first world underground was built in London. London subway is famous all over the world. I want to have a look on it. With the help of London subway you will have a chance to know London.
London contains 4 parts, unlike to each other: the West End, the East End, the City and Westmister. The West End is famous for its various rich shops, reastaurants, museums. It is a part of London for people with a big amount of money. Contrarily, the East End means poverty, working people are its inhabitants. The City is a business place. Here you can find a great amount of offices, companies, business centers. Lastly, Westmister is full of sightseeing attractions.
There are so many places in London to see that it is difficult to mark some most famous, but I’d try to do this. I can’t but mention Big Ben. Practically everybody knows that Big Ben is London famous clock. Far from Big Ben you will see London eye, the biggest one in Europe. It is a unique chance to see London from bird’s eye panorama. It’s height is 135 metres. London eye is one of the biggest in the world. London is famous for Westmister Abbey – a gothic church. It is a traditional place of king’s coronation and deposition. London is rich for its parks. They are loveable and homely. One of them is Guide Park. Here you can have a rest on weekends. It is famous fot it’s oratory corner. The list of London sightseeing attractions can be endless.
Finally I want to say that London is city-fairy tale. This city should visit everyone to broaden his/her outlook.
Все книги о Лондоне обычно начинаются с одной и той же фразы: “Лондон – столица Великобритании”. Несомненно, это правда. Этот факт знает практически каждый. Но есть также много другой интересной и великолепной информации о Лондоне. Для меня Лондон – это город мечты, город, который я хочу когда-нибудь посетить.
Очевидно, Лондон это прекрасное для посещений. Первое метро в мире было построено в Лондоне. Лондонское метро известно по всему миру. Мне бы хотелось увидеть его. С помощью метро у вас есть отличный шанс узнать Лондон.
Лондон состоит из 4 частей, отличающихся друг от друга: западная часть Лондона, восточная часть Лондона, деловой центр Лондона, Вестмистер. Западная часть Лондона известна своими богатыми магазинами, ресторанами, музеями. Эта часть Лондона предназначена для людей с большими деньгами. Напротив, восточная часть означает бедность. Жители восточной части – рабочий народ. Деловой центр Лондона – место сосредоточения бизнеса. Здесь вы найдёте огромное количество офисов, компаний, бизнес центров. И в заключение, Вестмистер богат достопримечательностями.
Существует множество мест в Лондоне, которые стоит увидеть, и сложно выделить наиболее известные, но я постараюсь сделать это. Я не могу не упомянуть Биг Бен. Практически каждый человек знает, что Биг Бен – известные лондонские часы. Около Биг Бена вы увидите колесо обозрения, называемое “глаз Лондона”, самое большое колесо обозрения в мире. Это уникальный шанс увидеть Лондон с высоты птичьего полёта. Высота колеса обозрения составляет 135 метров. “Глаз Лондона” – одно из самых высоких колёс обозрения в мире. Лондон известен Вестминстерским аббатством – готической церковью. Это традиционное место коронации и погребения королей. Лондон богат своими парками. Они милые и уютные. Один из них 0 Гайд парк. В нём вы сможете отдохнуть на выходных. Он известен своим ораторским уголком. Список лондонских достопримечательностей может быть бесконечным.
В завершение хочется сказать, что Лондон – это город-сказка. Этот город должен посетить каждый человек. который хочет расширить кругозор.
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Jack London Essay, Research Paper
Jack London fought his way up out of the factories and waterfront dives of West Oakland to become the highest paid, most popular novelist and short story writer of his day. He wrote passionately and prolifically about the great questions of life and death, the struggle to survive with dignity and integrity, and he wove these elemental ideas into stories of high adventure based on his own firsthand experiences at sea, or in Alaska, or in the fields and factories of California. As a result, his writing appealed not to the few, but to millions of people all around the world.
Along with his books and stories, however, Jack London was widely known for his personal exploits. He was a celebrity, a colorful and controversial personality who was often in the news. Generally fun-loving and playful, he could also be combative, and was quick to side with the underdog against injustice or oppression of any kind. He was a fiery and eloquent public speaker, and much sought after as a lecturer on socialism and other economic and political topics. Despite his avowed socialism, most people considered him a living symbol of rugged individualism, a man whose fabulous success was due not to special favor of any kind, but to a combination of unusual mental ability and immense vitality.
Strikingly handsome, full of laughter, restless and courageous to a fault, always eager for adventure on land or sea, he was one of the most attractive and romantic figures of his time.
Jack London ascribed his literary success largely to hard work – to “dig,” as he put it. He tried never to miss his early morning 1,000-word writing stint, and between 1900 and 1916 he completed over fifty books, including both fiction and non-fiction, hundreds of short stories, and numerous articles on a wide range of topics. Several of the books and many of the short stories are classics of their kind, well thought of in critical terms and still popular around the world. Today, almost countless editions of London’s writings are available and some of them have been translated into as many as seventy different languages.
In addition to his daily writing stint and his commitments as a lecturer, London also carried on voluminous correspondence (he received some 10,000 letters per year), read proofs of his work as it went to press, negotiated with his various agents and publishers, and conducted other business such as overseeing construction of his custom-built sailing ship, the Snark (1906 – 1907), construction of Wolf House (1910 – 1913), and the operation of his beloved Beauty Ranch, which became a primary preoccupation after about 1911. Along with all this, he had to continually generate new ideas for books and stories and do the research so necessary to his writing.
Somehow, he managed to do all these things and still find time to go swimming, horseback riding, or sailing on San Francisco Bay. He also spent 27 months cruising the South Pacific in the Snark, put in two tours of duty as an overseas war correspondent, traveled widely for pleasure, entertained a continual stream of guests whenever he was at home in Glen Ellen, and did his fair share of barroom socializing and debating. In order to fit all this living into the narrow confines of one lifetime, he often tried to make do with no more than four or five hours of sleep at night.
London was first attracted to the Sonoma Valley by its magnificent natural landscape, a unique combination of high hills, fields and streams, and a beautiful mixed forest of oaks, madrones, California buckeyes, Douglas Fir, and redwood trees. “When I first came here, tired of cities and people, I settled down on a little farm … 130 acres of the most beautiful, primitive land to be found in California.” He didn’t care that the farm was badly run-down. Instead, he reveled in its deep canyons and forests, its year-round springs and streams. “All I wanted,” he said later, “was a quiet place in the country to write and loaf in and get out of Nature that something which we all need, only the most of us don’t know it.” Soon, however, he was busy buying farm equipment and livestock for his “mountain ranch.” He also began work on a new barn and started planning a fine new house. “This is to be no summer-residence proposition,” he wrote to his publisher in June 1905, “but a home all the year round. I am anchoring good and solid, and anchoring for keeps …”
Born January 12, 1876, he was only 29, but he was already internationally famous for Call of the Wild (1903), The Sea Wolf (1904), and other literary and journalistic accomplishments. He was divorced from Bessie (Maddern), his first wife and the mother of his two daughters, Joan and Little Bess, and he had married Charmian (Kittredge).
Living and owning land near Glen Ellen was a way of escaping from Oakland – from the city way of life he called the “man-trap.” But excited as he was about his plans for the ranch, London was still too restless, too eager for foreign travel and adventure, to settle down and spend all his time there. While his barn and other ranch improvements were still under construction he decided to build a ship and go sailing around the world – exploring, writing, adventuring – enjoying the “big moments of living” that he craved and that would give him still more material to write about.
The great voyage was to last seven years and take Jack and Charmian around the world. In fact it lasted 27 months and took them “only” as far as the South Pacific and Australia. Discouraged by a variety of health problems, and heartbroken about having to abandon the trip and sell the Snark, London returned to Glen Ellen and to his plans for the ranch.
In 1909, ‘10 and ‘11 he bought more land, and in 1911 moved from Glen Ellen to a small ranch house in the middle of his holdings. He rode horseback throughout the countryside, exploring every canyon, glen and hill top. And he threw himself into farming – scientific agriculture – as one of the few justifiable, basic, and idealistic ways of making a living. A significant portion of his later writing – Burning Daylight (1910), Valley of the Moon (1913), Little Lady of the Big House (1916) – had to do with the simple pleasures of country life, the satisfaction of making a living directly and honestly from the land and thereby remaining close to the realities of the natural world.
Jack and Charmian London’s dream house began to take definite shape early in 1911 as Albert Farr, a well-known San Francisco architect, put their ideas on paper in the form of drawings and sketches, and then supervised the early stages of construction. It was to be a grand house – one that would remain standing for a thousand years. By August 1913, London had spent approximately $80,000 (in pre-World War I dollars), and the project was nearly complete. On August 22 final cleanup got underway and plans were laid for moving the Londons’ specially designed, custom-built furniture and other personal belongings into the mansion. That night – at 2 a. m. – word came that the house was burning. By the time the Londons arrived on the scene the house was ablaze in every corner, the roof had collapsed, and even a stack of lumber some distance away was burning. Nothing could be done.
London looked on philosophically, but inside he was seriously wounded, for the loss was a crushing financial blow and the wreck of a long-cherished dream. Worse yet, he also had to face the probability that the fire had been deliberately set – perhaps by someone close to him. To this day, the mystery remains unsolved, but there are strong indications that the fire started by spontaneous combustion of oily rags which had been left in the building on that hot August night. London planned to rebuild Wolf House eventually, but at the time of his death in 1916 the house remained as it stands today, the stark but eloquent vestige of a unique and fascinating but shattered dream.
The destruction of the Wolf House left London terribly depressed, but after a few days he forced himself to go back to work. Using a $2,000 advance from Cosmopolitan Magazine, he added a new study to the little wood-frame ranch house in which he had been living since 1911. Here, in the middle of his beloved ranch, he continued to turn out the articles, short stories, and novels for which there was an ever-growing international market.
From the time he went east to meet with his publishers in New York, or to San Francisco or Los Angeles on other business. He also spent a considerable amount of time living and working aboard his 30-foot yawl, the Roamer, which he loved to sail around San Francisco Bay and throughout the nearby Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. In 1914 he went to Mexico as a war correspondent covering the role of U.S. troops and Navy ships in the Villa-Carranza revolt.
In 1915 and again in 1916 Charmian persuaded him to spend several months in Hawaii, where he seemed better able to relax and more willing to take care of himself. His greatest satisfaction, however, came from his ranch activities and from his ever more ambitious plans for expanding the ranch and increasing its productivity. These plans kept him perpetually in debt and under intense pressure to keep on writing as fast as he could, even though it might mean sacrificing quality in favor of quantity.
His doctors urged him to ease up, to change his work habits and his diet, to stop all use of alcohol, and to get more exercise. But he refused to change his way of life, and plunged on with his writing and his ranch, generously supporting friends and relations through it all. If anything, the press of his financial commitments and his increasingly severe health problems only made him expand his ambitions, dream even larger dreams, and work still harder and faster.
On November 22, 1916, Jack London died of gastrointestinal uremic poisoning. He was 40 years of age and had been suffering from a variety of ailments, including a kidney condition that was extraordinarily painful at times. Nevertheless, right up to the last day of his life he was full of bold plans and boundless enthusiasm for the future.
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